Table 1.

Summary of Key Dependent Variables in Animal Studies Evaluating Phytochemicals as a Therapeutic Intervention after TBI

Compound/Study	Species	Timing of treatment	No. Treatments	Edema	Oxidative stress	Inflammation	Cell loss	Lesion volume	Modified neuroscore	Morris Water Maze
Allicin
Chen et al.63	? rats	Post	Single	+	+	+	TUNEL +	+	+
Apocyn
Choi et al.45	SD rats	Pre	Single		+	+	FJB +
Zhang et al.46	CD-1 mice	Pre/post	Single		+	+	Cresyl +
Song et al.67	SD rats	Pre	Single	+	+					+
Ferreira et al.69	Swiss mice	Pre/post	Multiple	−	+	+		+	+
Loane et al.68	C57 mice	Post	Single		+			+	+	+
Lu et al.66	ICR mice	Pre	Single		+		TUNEL +		+
Baicalein
Chen et al.71	SD rats	Post	Single/multiple			+	FJB +	+	+
Wang et al.72	SD rats	Post	Multiple	+		+	TUNEL +		+
Caffeic acid
Kerman et al.75	SD rats	Post	Single		+
Zhao et al.76	SD rats	Post	Multiple				Cresyl −	+	+	−
Caffeine
Al Moutaery el al.78	Wistar rats	Pre	Single	−	−		TUNEL −		−
Dash et al.81	SD rats	Post	Single					+	−	−
Li et al.80	Kunming mice	Pre	Single	+		+	TUNEL +		−
Lusardi et al.79	SD rats	Post	Single					−	+
Cocaine
Muir and Ellis82	SD rats	Pre	Single
Muir et al.83	SD rats	Pre	Single						−	−
Colchicine
Gahm et al.89	SD rats	Post		−			FJB +
							TUNEL −
Coumarin
He et al.91	SD rats	Pre	Single	+	+		Cresyl −	+	+
							TUNEL +
Crocin
Wang et al.92	C57Bl6 mice	Pre	Single	+		+	TUNEL +		+
Curcumin
Wu et al.97	SD rats	Pre	Diet		+					+
Sharma et al.96	SD rats	Pre	Diet
Sharma et al.95	SD rats	Post	Diet		+					+
Wu et al.98	SD rats	Post	Diet		+				+	+
Laird et al.100	CD-1 mice	Pre/post	Single	+		+		−	+
Samini et al.99	Wistar rats	Pre	Multiple		+			+	+
Zu et al.101	C57Bl6 mice	Post	Single	+		+	FJB +		+
							TUNEL +
7,8-dihydroxyflavone
Wu et al.103	C57Bl6 mice	Post	Multiple	+			FJB +	+	−
							TUNEL +
Chen et al.104	C57Bl6 mice	Pre	Single				FJB +
Zhao et al.105	C57Bl6 mice	Post	Multiple					−	+	+
Agrawal et al.108	SD rats	Post	Multiple						+
Zhao et al.106	C57Bl6 mice	Post	Multiple
Alder et al.107	C57Bl6 mice	Post	Single				FJB +		−	−
Ellagic acid
Farbood et al.110	Wistar rats	Pre	Multiple			+			+
Epigallocatechin gallate
Itoh et al.111	Wistar rats	Pre	Diet		+		NeuN +			+
Itoh et al.112	Wistar rats	Pre	Diet		+
Itoh et al.113	Wistar rats	Pre/post	Diet		+					Pre +
										Post −
Formononetin
Li et al.114	Wistar rats	Post	Multiple	+	+			+	+
Gallic acid
Sarkaki et al.115	Wistar rats	Pre	Multiple			+			+
Genistein
Hong et al.116	SD rats	Post	?
Soltani et al.117	Wistar rats	Post	Multiple	+					+
Ginkgo biloba
Hoffman and Stein120	SD rats	Pre/post	Multiple				Thionin +		+	+
Menku et al.121	Swiss rats	Post	Multiple	−	+
Yu et al.122	Wistar rats	Post	Multiple			+	TUNEL +
Ginseng
Ji et al.123	SD rats	Post	Single				TUNEL −		+
Xia et al.124	SD rats	Post	Multiple	+	+	+	TUNEL +	−	+
Kumar et al.126	Wistar rats	Post	Multiple		+	+				+
Chen et al.125	Wistar rats	Post	Single	+					+
Hydroxysafflor yellow A
Bie et al.127	SD rats	Pre	Multiple		+		TUNEL +
Lovastatin
Chen et al.128	SD rats	Pre	Multiple			+	FJB +	+	+
Luteolin
Xu et al.129	ICR mice	Post	Single	+	+		TUNEL +		+
Xu et al.130	ICR mice	Post	Single	+		+	FJB +		+
Sawmiller et al.131	Tg2576 mice	Pre	Multiple
Cordaro et al.132	CD-1 mice	Post	Single	+	+	+	H&E +		+
Morphine
Robinson et al.138	SD rats	Pre	Single
Hayes et al.140	SD rats	Pre	Single						+
Lyeth et al.139	SD rats	Pre	Single						+
Statler et al.141	SD rats	Post	Single				FJB −	+	−	−
Zohar et al.142	ICR mice	Post	Single							+
Naringin
Cui et al.144	Wistar rats	Pre/post	Multiple	+	+	+			+
Nicotine
Verbois et al.145	SD rats	Post	Multiple					+
Verbois et al.146	SD rats	Pre/post	Multiple					−		Pre −
										Post +
Shin et al.147	SD rats	Post	Multiple
Nitidine
Yuan et al.148	C57Bl6 mice	Post	Single			+	TUNEL +
Puerarin
Wang et al.149	SD rats	Pre	Single		+	+	FJB +
Pycnogenol
Scheff et al.150	SD rats	Post	Multiple		+	+
Ansari et al.151	SD rats	Post	Multiple		+
Norris et al.152	SD rats	Post	Single
Scheff and Roberts153	SD rats	Post	Multiple				FJB −	+		−
Quercetin
Schultke et al.154	SD rats	Post	Multiple		+
Yang et al.155	SD rats	Post	Multiple		+	+	TUNEL +			+
Resveratrol
Ates et al.159	Wistar rats	Post	Single	+	+			+
Singleton et al.161	SD rats	Post	Multiple				Cresyl +	+	+	+
Gatson et al.160	C57Bl6 mice	Post	Multiple		+
Lin et al.162	SD rats	Post	Single		+
Feng et al.163	SD rats	Post	Multiple	+		+			+	+
Feng et al.164	SD rats	Post	Multiple	+					+	+
Rutin
Kumar et al.167	Wistar rats	Post	Diet		+	+				+
Salvianolic acid B
Chen et al.168	C57Bl6 mice	Post	Single	+		+		+	+	+
Triptolide
Lee et al.170	SD rats	Post	Single	+		+	TUNEL +	+	+
Wogonin
Chen et al.171	C57Bl6 mice	Post	Single	+		+	FJB +	+	+
							TUNEL +

+, positive significant effect; −, no significant positive effect or change; Cresyl (cresyl violet staining); Diet (compound delivered in the diet); FJB (Fluoro-jade staining); H&E (hematoxylin and eosin staining); Multiple (compound given multiple times or continuously); Pre (compound administered prior to injury); Post (compound administered after injury); SD (Sprague Dawley); Single (compound administered only once); Thionin (thionin staining); TUNEL, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) dUTP nick-end labeling (staining for apoptosis).