Table 1.
Characteristics of 1,542 prostate cancer cases and 1,542 control subjects in EPIC overall and subdivided into study phase
| Overall |
Phase I |
Phase II |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cases N = 1,542 |
Controls N = 1,542 |
P b | Cases N = 630 |
Controls N = 630 |
P b | Cases N = 912 |
Controls N = 912 |
P b | |
| Age at blood collection, mean (SD), y |
60.12 (6.5) | 60.10 (6.5) | 0.03 | 61.5 (6.2) | 61.4 (6.2) | 0.07 | 59.2 (6.5) | 59.2 (6.5) | 0.23 |
| Anthropometry: mean (SD) | |||||||||
| Height, cm | 173.0 (6.9) | 173.2 (6.9) | 0.29 | 172.2 (6.7) | 172.5 (7.0) | 0.43 | 173.5 (7.0) | 173.9 (6.9) | 0.46 |
| Weight (kg) | 79.8 (11.4) | 80.6 (12.1) | 0.04 | 79.3 (11.2) | 80.6 (12.2) | 0.05 | 80.1 (11.5) | 80.7 (12.1) | 0.30 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.7 (3.5) | 26.9 (3.6) | 0.10 | 26.8 (3.5) | 27.1 (3.7) | 0.09 | 26.6 (3.4) | 26.7 (3.6) | 0.45 |
| Smoking, N (%)a | |||||||||
| Never | 518 (34.2) | 489 (32.2) | 197 (31.5) | 168 (27.0) | 321 (36.3) | 321 (35.8) | |||
| Former | 662 (43.7) | 640 (42.2) | 282 (45.1) | 281 (45.2) | 380 (42.8) | 359 (40.1) | |||
| Current | 334 (22.1) | 389 (25.6) | 0.06 | 147 (23.5) | 173 (27.8) | 0.12 | 187 (21.1) | 216 (24.1) | 0.27 |
| Alcohol consumption, g/d (%)a | |||||||||
| <8 | 621 (40.3) | 623 (40.5) | 223 (35.5) | 223 (35.5) | 398 (43.6) | 400 (43.9) | |||
| 8–15 | 301 (19.6) | 311 (20.2) | 121 (19.3) | 134 (21.3) | 180 (19.7) | 177 (19.4) | |||
| 16–39 | 354 (23.0) | 370 (24.0) | 169 (26.9) | 155 (24.7) | 185 (20.3) | 215 (23.6) | |||
| ≥40 | 264 (17.1) | 236 (15.3) | 0.57 | 115 (18.3) | 116 (18.5) | 0.72 | 149 (16.3) | 120 (13.2) | 0.13 |
| Physical activity, N (%)a | |||||||||
| Inactive | 245 (18.4) | 221 (16.6) | 124 (20.0) | 107 (17.3) | 121 (17.1) | 114 (16.1) | |||
| Moderately inactive | 425 (32.0) | 415 (31.2) | 218 (35.1) | 199 (32.1) | 207 (29.2) | 216 (30.5) | |||
| Active | 660 (49.6) | 693 (52.1) | 0.25 | 279 (44.9) | 314 (50.7) | 0.06 | 381 (53.7) | 379 (53.5) | 0.86 |
| Marital status, N (%)a | |||||||||
| Married or cohabitating | 1,023 (88.0) | 1,030 (88.7) | 391 (87.5) | 396 (89.2) | 632 (88.4) | 634 (88.4) | |||
| Not married or cohabitating | 139 (12.0) | 131 (11.3) | 0.60 | 56 (12.5) | 48 (10.8) | 0.39 | 83 (11.6) | 83 (11.6) | 1.00 |
| Educational level, N (%)a | |||||||||
| Primary or equivalent | 561 (38.1) | 579 (39.3) | 232 (38.7) | 231 (39.0) | 329 (37.7) | 348 (39.5) | |||
| Secondary | 552 (37.5) | 556 (37.7) | 215 (35.8) | 224 (37.8) | 337 (38.6) | 332 (37.6) | |||
| Degree | 360 (24.4) | 339 (23.0) | 0.55 | 153 (25.5) | 137 (23.1) | 0.54 | 207 (23.7) | 202 (22.9) | 0.49 |
| IGF-I concentration, nmol/L geometric mean (95% CI)c |
20.5 (20.2, 20.9) | 19.8 (19.5, 20.1) | 0.001 | 21.9 (21.2, 22.5) | 21.3 (20.7, 21.9) | 0.23 | 19.7 (19.4, 12.0) | 18.8 (18.5, 19.1) | <0.0001 |
| Country, N (%) | |||||||||
| Denmark | 152 (9.9) | 152 (9.9) | 79 (12.5) | 79 (12.5) | 73 (8.0) | 73 (8.0) | |||
| Germany | 383 (24.8) | 383 (24.8) | 186 (29.5) | 186 (29.5) | 197 (21.6) | 197 (21.6) | |||
| Greece | 40 (2.6) | 40 (2.6) | 9 (1.4) | 9 (1.4) | 31 (3.4) | 31 (3.4) | |||
| Italy | 145 (9.4) | 145 (9.4) | 60 (9.5) | 60 (9.5) | 85 (9.3) | 85 (9.3) | |||
| Netherlands | 50 (3.2) | 50 (3.2) | 25 (4.0) | 25 (4.0) | 25 (2.7) | 25 (2.7) | |||
| Spain | 200 (13.0) | 200 (13.0) | 93 (14.8) | 93 (14.8) | 107 (11.7) | 107 (11.7) | |||
| Sweden | 192 (12.5) | 192 (12.5) | — | — | 192 (21.1) | 192 (21.1) | |||
| United Kingdom | 380 (24.6) | 380 (24.6) | 178 (28.3) | 178 (28.3) | 202 (22.2) | 202 (22.2) | |||
| Cases only, N (%) | |||||||||
| Time to diagnosis, y | |||||||||
| <4 | 457 (29.6) | 374 (59.4) | 83 (9.1) | ||||||
| 4–7 | 560 (36.3) | 228 (36.2) | 332 (36.4) | ||||||
| >7 | 525 (34.1) | 28 (4.4) | 497 (54.5) | ||||||
| Age at diagnosis, mean (SD), y | 65.3 (6.5) | 64.4 (6.2) | 65.9 (6.6) | ||||||
| Stage, N (%) a,d | |||||||||
| Localized | 745 (71.7) | 303 (68.7) | 442 (72.1) | ||||||
| Advanced | 309 (29.3) | 138 (31.3) | 171 (27.9) | ||||||
| Grade, N (%)a,e | |||||||||
| Low | 848 (84.2) | 385 (84.6) | 463 (83.9) | ||||||
| High | 159 (15.8) | 70 (15.4) | 89 (16.1) | ||||||
Unknown for some participants; percentages exclude unknown values.
P values relate to likelihood ratio χ2 tests of association for categorical variables, and paired differences tests for continuous variables.
Adjusted for age (<50, 50–54, 55–59, 60–64, 65–69, ≥70 years), center (1–18), batch (1–78), alcohol intake (<8, 8–15, 16–39, ≥40g/d, unknown), educational attainment (primary school, secondary school, higher education/degree, unknown), and body mass index (quartile cutoff points: <24.4, 24.4, 26.4, 28.7 kg/m2); with 95% CI in parenthesis.
Localized stage includes T0 or T1 or T2 and N0 or NX and M0, or stage coded in the recruitment center as localized and advanced stage includes T3 or T4 and/or N1+ and/or M1, or stage coded in the recruitment center as metastatic.
Low grade includes Gleason score ≤7, or cases coded as well differentiated or moderately differentiated according to the WHO grading system and high grade includes Gleason score >7, or cases coded as poorly differentiated or undifferentiated according to the WHO grading system.