Fig 10. Associations of wild cereals and other wild grasses in northern Israel.

(A) Rich stands of Aegilops peregrina in open woodlands of Quercus calliprinos and Pistacia palaestina at Mount Carmel, accompanied by Hordeum bulbosum, Bromus lanceolatus and Avena sterilis, whereas Hordeum spontaneum represents a minor component; (B) ruderal habitat along the road between Rosh Pina and Safed in the Upper Galilee Mountains, dominated by Avena sterilis and Aegilops peregrina and accompanied by Hordeum spontaneum and Triticum dicoccoides. Wild emmer wheat even grew within the village of Safed on waste places, which it apparently invaded from nearby primary stands; (C) same location near Safed, only about 50m away; dominated by Hordeum spontaneum (ears below) and Hordeum bulbosum (ears above) with Triticum dicoccoides, Avena sterilis and Aegilops peregrina as minor components. These wild stands display a considerable diversity in taxonomic composition on a small spatial scale. Small to medium-seeded taxa such as Bromus spp., Lolium rigidum, Poa bulbosa and Phalaris spp. were regularly associated with these wild cereal stands. Photos by A. Weide, 2017.