Table 1. Description of intervention types.
| Intervention Type | Definition | Adolescents (10–19) | Adults + Adolescents | Adults Only (18+) | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adherence Counseling | |||||
| Individual counseling | Adherence educational and/or counseling interventions delivered in a one-on-one setting. Sessions are often led by trained health professionals or lay counsellors. | 0 | 1 | 3 | 4 |
| Group counseling | Adherence educational and/or counseling interventions delivered in a group setting. Includes social support groups. Sessions are often led by trained professionals or lay counsellors and delivered through a set curriculum or informed by a psychosocial theory/practice. | 2 | 0 | 5 | 7 |
| Individual plus group counseling | Interventions with both individual and group counseling components. | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| mHealth Interventions | |||||
| SMS reminders sent at regular intervals | Regular delivery of SMS messages aimed at directly or indirectly reminding patients to adhere to their medication. Many interventions did not mention HIV or ART in the messages and several utilized the text as a way to check in with the patient. | 0 | 0 | 4 | 4 |
| SMS reminders triggered by adherence monitors | SMS messages were sent if an electronic adherence monitoring device were not opened within 30 minutes of the schedule dose time. | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| IVR or phone calls for reminders | Interactive voice response or regular phone calls delivering messages on medication adherence and other HIV/ART related topics, as well as appointment reminders. Some also sent non-interactive, SMS picture messages to remind patients of dosage adherence. | 0 | 0 | 4 | 4 |
| SMS or alarm reminders plus individual counseling | Individual adherence counseling combined with regular reminders. Reminders could come in the form of either an alarm device programmed around dosage times or regular SMS messages, sent at times independent of the dosage schedule. | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3 |
| Community- and Home-based strategies | |||||
| CBAS with home visits | Provision of adherence support through home visits by a community-based worker or volunteer. Home visitors can range from peer educators to community health workers. They are involved in a variety of activity such as DOT, basic clinical assessments and patient referrals, pill counts, food ration provision, and ART delivery. | 0 | 2 | 6 | 8 |
| Multi-component facility- and community-based program | Interventions involving a facility-designated worker who connects patients to facility-level services. Responsibilities of the worker have included home visits, patient monitoring and tracing, and counseling. | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Peer treatment supporters | Involving other persons within a patient's social circle in assisting that patient with their treatment. Examples of responsibilities of the treatment supporter include performing DOT, positive social support, clinical site mediation, follow-up appointment attendance. | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| Community-based social network support | Support at the community level designed to be delivered to a group. Includes interventions involving a patient's extended social network in that patient's treatment. | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Pharmacist Counseling | |||||
| Pharmacist counseling | Shifting patient counseling to occur when patients receive their medication. Counseling was provided by pharmacist and drug-related problems were addressed at each scheduled meeting. | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Depression Treatment | |||||
| Depression treatment | Integrating ART and mental health care, with the overall goal of addressing the underlying depression-related factors related to adherence. | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Facility-based Interventions | |||||
| Facility-based interventions | Multi-component interventions that are delivered and/or organized at the facility level. Examples of activities include individual and group counseling, patient-fast tracking, educational classes and materials. These interventions tend to focus on providing comprehensive support and care to ART patients. | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3 |
| Instrumental Support | |||||
| Nutrition support | Providing supplementary nutritional support either at the individual or household level. Can come in the form of food rations or nutrition education. | 0 | 0 | 4 | 4 |
| Disability grants | Providing monetary grants to people that meet clinical criteria for advanced stages of HIV to provide support until they are well enough to return to work. | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Decentralization, Down-referral, and Task-shifting | |||||
| Task-shifting | Refers to transferring specific responsibilities for HIV treatment and care from physicians toward other health care workers such as clinical officers and nurses. | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3 |
| Decentralization | Shifting service delivery for stable patients to a lower-level of care. Decentralization occurs at the facility level, such as transitioning care from hospital-based to clinic-based care. Down-referral usually denotes changes in the provider level, like changing primary ART provision from hospital-based to general-practitioner based. | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Total | 2 | 5 | 44 | 51 | |
Note: 51 interventions were described in 52 publications. Two publications (Achieng et al., 2012 and Achieng et al., 2013) described the same multi-component facility- and community-based program.