TABLE 4.

Target technique total observed frequency^a

Technique	Total observed
Circulate/ check for understanding*	2142
Cold call*	2907
Debrief	Not coded
No apology	7
Normalize error	4
Praise effort	17
Praise improvement	5
Right is right*	710
Stretch it: explain logic*	812
Stretch it: follow-up*	1677

^aOnly GTA (not ULA) activities are included in counts. Passive circulation (in which GTA moved through the room but did not interact with students) is excluded. The debrief technique was not coded due to inability to reach consensus coding criteria. Counts represent raw sums from all 158 classroom sessions in which a GTA acted as the primary instructor (excluding two observations in which a ULA acted as instructor). Techniques marked with an asterisk were drilled during training sessions.