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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2017 Mar 8;38(5):473–488. doi: 10.1016/j.tips.2017.02.003

Figure 2. Potential targets for pathogen-directed anti-virulence therapies against multidrug-resistant bacterial pathogens.

Figure 2

Small molecules, nanoparticles, engineered proteins or monoclonal antibodies are under investigation to block expression or function of bacterial toxins and other virulence factors. Anti-virulence therapies hold promise of being more specific to the infectious bacterium while sparing the healthy microbiome, and can be used as adjuncts to classical antibiotics for difficult infections.