Table 4.
Hazard of discontinuing medication therapy
| Parameter | Hazard Ratio | 95% CI | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Medication at initiation | |||
| Injectable naltrexone > 30 days | 2.17 | 2.04–2.30 | <0.001 |
| Oral naltrexone >30 days | 2.54 | 2.45–2.64 | <0.001 |
| Sublingual buprenorphine > 30 days | 1.15 | 1.10–1.19 | <0.001 |
| Transdermal buprenorphine* > 30 days | 2.21 | 2.11–2.33 | <0.001 |
| Sublingual or oromucosal buprenorphine/naloxone >30 days | Reference | ||
| Age at initiation | |||
| Younger than 30 | 1.25 | 1.22–1.28 | <0.001 |
| 30 or older | Reference | ||
| Sex | |||
| Male | Reference | ||
| Female | 1.01 | 0.99–1.03 | 0.563 |
| Substance use codes (indicators) | |||
| Alcohol | 1.15 | 1.08–1.22 | <0.001 |
| Amphetamines | 1.07 | 1.03–1.12 | 0.002 |
| Cannabis | 1.10 | 1.07–1.13 | <0.001 |
| Cocaine | 1.13 | 1.09–1.17 | <0.001 |
| Hallucinogens | 1.02 | 0.93–1.12 | 0.698 |
| Sedative | 1.16 | 1.13–1.19 | <0.001 |
| Ever seen in detox facility | |||
| Yes | 0.92 | 0.90–0.94 | <0.001 |
| No | Reference | ||
| Provider at initiation (indicators) | |||
| Internal medicine | 0.98 | 0.95–1.01 | 0.272 |
| Family practice | 0.94 | 0.91–0.97 | <0.001 |
| Pediatrics | 0.88 | 0.78–0.99 | 0.028 |
| Psychiatry | 0.94 | 0.91–0.97 | <0.001 |
| Obstetrics and Gynecology | 0.85 | 0.78–0.94 | 0.001 |
| Surgery | 1.17 | 1.05–1.30 | 0.005 |
| Place of initiation (indicators) | |||
| Office visit | 0.90 | 0.87–0.93 | <0.001 |
| Outpatient clinic | 1.08 | 1.05–1.12 | <0.001 |
| ED | 1.19 | 1.11–1.28 | <0.001 |
| Inpatient | 1.23 | 1.15–1.31 | <0.001 |
CI = confidence interval; ED = emergency department
All variables in this table are included in one model. Model controls for region of residence, commercial insurance type, and the effect of medication type in the first 30 days of treatment.
*
Transdermal buprenorphine is FDA-approved for the treatment of chronic pain, not opioid use disorder.