Fig. 3.

Orthodontic force loading suppressed GSK-3β activity and promoted β-catenin expression at the tension site during tooth movement. a Representative immunohistochemical images of GSK-3β, phosphor-Ser9-GSK-3β and β-catenin (brown, indicated by the arrows, scale bar = 50 μm). b–d Semiquantitative analysis by two independent pathologists was performed and showed that orthodontic force significantly increased the expression of phosphor-Ser9-GSK-3β and β-catenin, but not GSK-3β at the tension site of the moved tooth. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01. n.s no significance