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Analysis of mRNA expression in the colon and TNF-α levels in serum. (a) The colonic mRNA expression level of IL-17α was upregulated and that of IL-10 was downregulated due to conventionalization. (b) Serum levels of TNF-α were unaffected following conventionalization. ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. *, P < 0.05 with respect to the results for SW GF mice, using Student’s t test.
