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cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase (PDE) activity following incubation with ginger powder extract (GPE) (a), [6]-gingerol (b), ginger lipoid fraction (GLE) (c) and ginger hydrophilic fraction (GWE) (d). Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation of three independent experiments. The significance of differences between sample and control was assessed with a Student’s t-test. Confidence intervals: * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001.
