Table 1.
Comparative chart on seasonally GC/MS analysis of Acorus calamus leaves and rhizome essential oils.
| S. N. | Compounds | RI | ACLEO | ACREO | ||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SEASONS | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SPRING | SUMMER | AUTUMN | WINTER | SPRING | SUMMER | AUTUMN | WINTER | |||||||||||||||||||
| Sites of Collection | Sites of Collection | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| A | B | C | A | B | C | A | B | C | A | B | C | A | B | C | A | B | C | A | B | C | A | B | C | |||
| 1 | bornyl acetate | 948 | - | 0.1 | - | - | 1.0 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 2 | limonene | 1031 | 0.8 | - | - | - | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 | t | 0.5 | 1.9 | 1.3 | 0.8 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||
| 3 | trans-β ocimene | 1050 | - | t | - | - | 0.2 | 0.1 | t | - | 1.3 | 3.0 | 0.8 | 0.5 | 0.9 | - | 1.9 | 2.0 | 0.1 | 0.5 | - | 1.2 | 1.9 | 0.3 | ||
| 4 | linalool | 1096 | 9.2 | 5.8 | 0.9 | 0.5 | 7.2 | 6.4 | 3.2 | 0.7 | 7.3 | 1.9 | 5.6 | 2.6 | 0.6 | 0.8 | - | 1.8 | 1.5 | 6.4 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.8 | 0.4 | - |
| 5 | shyobunone | 1324 | 9.3 | 7.6 | 5.0 | 0.4 | 7.0 | 6.6 | 7.1 | 2.5 | 6.0 | - | 6.9 | 8.8 | 4.4 | 4.2 | 4.7 | 5.1 | 3.6 | 6.6 | 3.3 | 2.7 | 2.8 | 5.5 | 4.5 | 8.0 |
| 6 | α-copaene | 1376 | - | t | - | - | 0.2 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | t | - | - | 0.1 | - | - | t | - | - | - | - |
| 7 | β elemene | 1390 | - | - | - | 0.2 | 0.1 | - | - | 0.2 | - | - | - | - | 0.1 | 0.1 | - | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.6 | - | - | - | - | - | |
| 8 | aristolene | 1416 | - | 2.0 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1.1 | 0.4 | 1.0 | 1.6 | - | - | 2.0 | - | 0.2 | 1.0 | 0.6 | 0.7 | ||
| 9 | E caryophyllene | 1418 | 2.0 | 1.8 | 1.9 | 0.4 | 1.7 | - | 3.1 | 0.5 | 2.0 | - | 2.0 | 1.8 | - | - | - | - | - | 1.6 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 10 | calarene | 1432 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 8.2 | 2.3 | 0.7 | 1.9 | 2.9 | 0.5 | - | 4.2 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 2.2 | 0.9 | 1.9 | |||||
| 11 | α-humulene | 1440 | 0.7 | 1.1 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.8 | 0.5 | 1.4 | 0.2 | 0.3 | - | 0.9 | 0.6 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 12 | α-muurolene | 1478 | - | - | 0.2 | - | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.1 | - | - | 0.1 | - | - | - | - | 1.0 | - |
| 13 | germacrene D | 1480 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.4 | - | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.3 | - | 0.3 | - | 0.3 | 0.2 | - | 0.1 | - | - | - | 0.5 | - | - | - | - | - | 0.1 |
| 14 | Z-methyl isoeugenol | 1492 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 2.2 | 0.4 | 2.3 | 1.6 | 3.3 | 0.5 | 2.1 | - | 2.2 | 4.7 | 5.1 | 3.4 | 3.8 | 6.3 | 4.6 | 1.6 | 5.0 | 9.0 | 4.1 | 7.4 | 4.5 | 4.9 |
| 15 | viridiflorene | 1496 | - | 0.4 | 1.2 | 0.1 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 0.9 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1.5 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 16 | dehydroxy-isocalamendiol | 1497 | 6.1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 4.8 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2.3 | - | - | 1.4 |
| 17 | δ-cadinene | 1524 | 0.3 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 0.3 | 1.3 | 0.3 | 0.8 | 0.3 | - | - | - | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.3 | - | - | 0.3 | - | - | 0.4 | 0.2 | |
| 18 | kessane | 1528 | 1.0 | 3.2 | 0.1 | - | 2.1 | 0.1 | 2.0 | 0.3 | 0.3 | - | 1.9 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 1.5 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.2 | - | - | 0.5 | 0.5 | |
| 19 | α-cadinene | 1538 | - | 1.0 | - | - | - | 0.2 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| 20 | α-calacorene | 1545 | - | 0.2 | 0.2 | - | 0.2 | - | 0.2 | - | - | - | - | - | 0.6 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.1 | - | - | 0.5 | - | - | - | - |
| 21 | α-elemol | 1547 | - | - | - | - | 0.7 | - | 0.7 | 0.1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| 22 | β-calacorene | 1548 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0. | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 23 | elemicin | 1554 | - | - | - | 0.2 | - | - | - | 2.1 | - | - | - | - | 0.9 | 1.2 | - | 0.9 | 1.6 | 1.0 | - | 0.7 | - | - | 0.6 | - |
| 24 | spathulenol | 1575 | - | 0.4 | 0.1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||||||
| 25 | caryophyllene oxide | 1581 | - | - | 1.3 | 1.0 | 0.5 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||
| 26 | β-asarone | 1617 | 52.2 | 35.3 | 56.5 | 44.4 | 42.4 | 48.6 | 44.6 | 84.3 | 59.4 | 90.6 | 57.6 | 65.2 | 68.0 | 64.4 | 64.3 | 59.5 | 67.7 | 48.6 | 70.0 | 74.5 | 73.7 | 73.1 | 76.6 | 74.9 |
| 27 | asaronaldehyde | 1620 | - | 4.3 | 0.6 | 0.9 | 2.9 | 0.1 | 2.1 | - | - | - | - | - | 0.2 | 1.0 | 0.6 | - | - | 0.1 | - | - | - | - | - | |
| 28 | Z-isoelemicin | 1644 | 4.5 | 6.3 | 5.5 | 1.8 | 4.8 | 6.0 | 4.1 | 1.7 | 4.6 | - | 2.5 | 3.0 | 5.7 | 6.0 | 7.3 | 5.5 | 6.7 | 6.0 | 3.8 | 4.6 | 5.0 | 4.0 | 3.3 | 3.4 |
| 29 | α-asarone | 1676 | 2.0 | 1.8 | 4.3 | 10.5 | 3.7 | 5.2 | 2.2 | - | 3.1 | 0.2 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 1.3 | 3.4 | 3.9 | 2.7 | 4.4 | 5.2 | 0.3 | 1.5 | 3.7 | 0.1 | 0.7 | 0.8 |
| 30 | 2,4,6-trimethoxyacetophenone 3 methyl |
1701 | - | 0.4 | 0.6 | - | - | - | 0.1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 31 | aspidinol | 1833 | - | - | - | 0.4 | - | - | 1.4 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 32 | 2,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid | 1927 | - | 2.3 | 0.6 | - | - | - | 1.1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 33 | phytol | 1941 | 2.3 | 2.8 | 1.1 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 0.4 | - | - | - | - | - | 1.2 | - | - | - | - | - | |||||||
| 34 | palmitic acid | 1984 | - | - | - | 13.3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| total | 91.3 | 78 | 85.4 | 76.9 | 81.9 | 78.8 | 80.4 | 93.4 | 86.7 | 95.9 | 93.1 | 94.4 | 93.4 | 88.8 | 88.7 | 89.4 | 92.7 | 81.5 | 92.7 | 94.9 | 92.4 | 92.7 | 95.9 | 96.6 | ||
| SD (±) | 9.2 | 6.3 | 10.0 | 8.0 | 7.5 | 8.7 | 7.7 | 14.9 | 10.6 | 15.7 | 10.3 | 11.7 | 11.6 | 11.1 | 11.0 | 10.2 | 11.6 | 8.4 | 12.2 | 13.2 | 13.2 | 12.5 | 13.1 | 13.1 | ||
T = trace (0.05%), A = Pithoragarh location (hilly region), B = Bhimtal location (sub hilly region), C = Pantnagar location (tarai region), ACLEO = A. calamus leaves essential oil, ACREO = A. calamus rhizome essential oil ACREO.