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(A) Stages of sieve element differentiation. N, nucleus; sp, sieve plate pore. (B–D) Relative expression levels of (B) PaNAC45, (C) PaNEN1, and (D) PaNEN4 in a surgically separated haustorium (Ha) and protrusion (Pr). Expression levels were normalized to that of Phelipanche aegyptiaca UBIQUITIN (PaUBQ). The means and standard deviations of three replicates are presented. NAC = NAC-domain containing transcription factor; NEN = NAC45/86-dependent exonuclease-domain protein.
