Table 1.

Resilience-oriented workforce studies.

Author	Year	Discipline	Workforce Segment 1	Workforce Segment 2	Type of Study	Research Question(s)	Summary
Dawes et al.	2004	Disaster Preparedness/Response	Emergency Response	Responders	Case Study	Organization	Summarizes human and infrastructure issues post disaster: importance of data quality, usability and resource sharing among responders; discusses information policy challenges for workforce response
desVignes-Kendrick et al.	2005	Disaster Preparedness/Response	Other	Lawyers	Session abstract	Organization	Discusses the role of private lawyers in dealing with public health emergencies.
Katz et al.	2006	Disaster Preparedness/Response	Health	LHD executives, community partners, hospital executives, community health center executives	Longitudinal evaluation	Organization	Collaborative relationships developed for bioterrorism preparedness have proved useful in addressing other threats. Major ongoing challenges include funding constraints, inadequate surge capacity, public health workforce shortages, competing priorities, and jurisdictional issues.
Phillips	2013	Disaster Preparedness/Response	Other	Librarians	Review	Organization	Describes the Disaster Information Management Research Center (DIMRC) develops and provides access to health information resources and technology for disaster preparedness, response, and recovery.
Santos et al.	2014	Interdependent workforce, infrastructure, and economic systems	Other	general workforce	Review	Organization	Highlights importance of workforce sectors in formulating synergistic preparedness and recovery policies for interdependent infrastructure and regional economic systems.
Sprang and Silman	2015	Disaster Preparedness/Response	Health	Behavioral health professionals	Review/Commentary	Organization; Training	Describes five principles to integrate behavioral health services in the public health disaster response plan which use a strengths-based approach to prioritize resilience; underscore the importance of context, collaboration, and coordination; recognize the unique needs of pediatric populations; and guide ongoing training and content development in the area of biopsychosocial responses to health-related disasters.
Dunlop et al.	2016	Disaster Preparedness/Response	Health	Public health and emergency management workers, academics	Needs Assessment/Survey/Focus groups	Organization; Leadership	Explored the opinions of leaders of public health and emergency management agencies and academic institutions regarding the facilitators for and barriers to effective collaboration for disaster preparedness and response. Recognized barriers to engagement included unfamiliarity of organizational personnel, concerns about ownership of outputs resulting from the collaboration, and differences in organizational culture and modus operandi. On-going relationships through shared training of students and staff and participation in community-level partner meetings facilitated collaboration in disaster response as does having a recognizable point of contact that can comprehensively represent academic institutional resources. Legal issues were identified as both facilitators and barriers to engagement.
Barnett et al.	2005	Disaster Preparedness/Response	Health	LHD Workers	Presentation of Workforce Training Program	Training	Describes a competency-based training for public health emergency response.
Stanley	2005	Disaster Preparedness/Response	Health	Nurses	Review/Commentary	Training	Roles of key entities are essential for education’s successful implementation of disaster preparedness: education and professional organizations, accreditation and regulatory bodies, schools of nursing, and continuing education providers.
Davies and Moran	2005	Disaster Preparedness/Response	Health	Nurses	Review/Commentary	Training	Describes role of nursing workforce in disaster preparedness
Mosca et al.	2005	Disaster Preparedness/Response	Health	Nurses (school)	Needs Assessment	Training	Assessed bioterrorism and disaster preparedness needs of school nurses assessed; low confidence in preparedness capabilities across almost all categories was reported; high training need was identified across almost all competencies.
Veenema	2006	Disaster Preparedness/Response	Health	Nurses	Presentation of Workforce Training Program	Training	Workforce development and nurse preparedness for schools of nursing.
Archer and Seynaeve	2007	Disaster Preparedness/Response	Health	Health professionals	Issues Paper/Framework	Training	World Association for Disaster and Emergency Medicine (WADEM) meeting convened in support of a framework for “Disaster Health”, which included: (1) primary disciplines; (2) support disciplines; (3) community response, resilience, and communication; and (4) socio-political context.
Douglas	2007	Disaster Preparedness/Response	Health	Nurses and Paramedics	Presentation of Workforce Training Program	Training	Describes multi-agency collaborative approach to develop modules on the management of mass casualty events and incidents involving hazardous substances, offered to registered nurses and registered paramedics.
Fulmer et al.	2007	Disaster Preparedness/Response	Other	University volunteers	Survey on volunteer willingness for disaster response	Training	Survey results suggest that volunteers can and will help and that disaster preparedness drills are a logical next step for university-based volunteers.
Resnick et al.	2007	Environmental public health	Health	LHD Workers	Review	Training	Obstacles for strengthening the environmental public health workforce include recruitment shortfalls, inability to retain qualified staff, impending retirements, inadequate training opportunities, insufficient compensation, and the absence of a robust career advancement pathway.
Black et al.	2008	Mental health resiliency	Health	Social work and public mental health students	Presentation of IPE program	Training	Describes an innovative statewide collaboration between schools of social work and public mental health departments to transform social work curriculum and address the workforce crisis in public mental health service system.
Kaiser et al.	2009	Disaster Preparedness/Response	Health	Medical students	Survey/Needs Assessment	Training	Survey results indicate future physicians’ willingness to respond to disasters, but education and training in disaster medicine and public health preparedness offered in US medical schools is inadequate.
Morrison and Catanzaro	2010	Disaster Preparedness/Response	Health	Nursing students	Presentation and evaluation of training simulation exercise	Training	Describes a public health emergency simulation exercise with undergraduate senior nursing students enrolled in a public health clinical course.
Potter et al.	2010	Disaster Preparedness/Response	Health	Public health workers	Review	Training	Reviews of progress in preparedness training for the public health workforce should be repeated in the future. Governmental investment in training for preparedness should continue. Future training programs should be grounded in policy and practice needs, and evaluations should be based on performance improvement.
Catlett et al.	2011	Disaster Preparedness/Response	Health	EMS Physicians	Resource document	Training	Advocates for a strong emergency medical services (EMS) role in all phases of disaster management—preparedness, response, and recovery.
Fernandez et al.	2011	Disaster Preparedness/Response	Health	EMTs and Paramedics	Needs Assessment	Training	A majority of nationally certified EMT-Basics and paramedics reported participating in both individual and multiagency disaster-preparedness training. A large majority of respondents reported feeling adequately prepared to respond to man-made and natural disasters and the perception of preparedness correlated with hours of training. Some areas for improvement were identified.
Slack et al.	2013	Community resilience	Health	Health Science students	Evaluation of IPE program	Training	By acting as a catalyst, a community based interprofessional program can affect components of community resilience/capacity, primarily human, social, and informational capital.
Lim et al.	2013	Disaster Preparedness/Response	Health	Health care workers (Physicians, Nurses, Allied Health workers)	Survey/Needs Assessment	Training	Survey indicates that health care workers fare poorly in their perception of their individual preparedness. Identifies Important factors that might contribute to improving this perception at the individual and institution level.
Baack and Alfred	2013	Disaster Preparedness/Response	Health	Nurses (rural)	Survey/Needs Assessment	Training	Most rural nurses are not confident in their abilities to respond to major disaster events. The nurses who were confident were more likely to have had actual prior experience in disasters or shelters.
Kumar and Weibley	2013	Disaster Preparedness/Response	Health	Physicians	Review/Commentary	Training	Describes physicians’ obligations, role, education, preparation, and response for disasters.
Veenema et al.	2016	Disaster Preparedness/Response	Health	Nurses	Needs Assessment/SME interviews	Training	Describes a vision for the future of disaster nursing, and identifies current barriers and opportunities to advance professional disaster nursing. Includes recommendations for nursing practice, education, policy, and research, as well as implementation challenges.
Achora and Kamanyire	2016	Disaster Preparedness/Response	Health	Nurses	Review/Commentary	Training	Highlights the current state of nursing education and training in disaster management, both generally and in Oman.
Wyche et al.	2011	Disaster Preparedness/Response	Emergency Response	First responders	Evaluation of work place teams-survey, focus groups, interviews	Leadership	Community resilience activities were assessed in workplace teams that became first responders for Hurricane Katrina survivors. Resilient behaviors were characterized by: shared organizational identity, purpose, and values; mutual support and trust; role flexibility; active problem solving; self-reflection; shared leadership; and skill building.