Table 2.

Crude and multivariable adjusted risk ratios for overweight/obesity in offspring associated with cesarean vs. vaginal delivery.

Group	Overweight (RR (95% CI))					Obesity (RR (95% CI))
	Crude	p	Adjusted	p	pa	Crude	p	Adjusted	p	pa
Total	1.31 (1.26, 1.37)	<0.001	1.21 (1.15, 1.27)	<0.001	---	1.76 (1.66, 1.86)	<0.001	1.51 (1.42, 1.61)	<0.001	---
Stratified analysis by sex
Boys	1.23 (1.16, 1.31)	<0.001	1.13 (1.06, 1.21)	<0.001	<0.001	1.64 (1.53, 1.75)	<0.001	1.45 (1.34, 1.56)	<0.001	<0.001
Girls	1.40 (1.31, 1.50)	<0.001	1.32 (1.22, 1.42)	<0.001	<0.001	1.86 (1.66, 2.08)	<0.001	1.71 (1.51, 1.93)	<0.001	<0.001
Stratified analysis by age
Children	1.21 (1.14, 1.27)	<0.001	1.18 (1.12, 1.26)	<0.001	<0.001	1.55 (1.45, 1.65)	<0.001	1.49 (1.39, 1.60)	<0.001	<0.001
Adolescents	1.42 (1.30, 1.55)	<0.001	1.29 (1.16, 1.43)	<0.001	<0.001	1.86 (1.64, 2.10)	<0.001	1.57 (1.36, 1.80)	<0.001	<0.001
Stratified analysis by region
Urban	1.37 (1.29, 1.45)	<0.001	1.24 (1.16, 1.32)	<0.001	0.001	1.94 (1.80, 2.09)	<0.001	1.58 (1.46, 1.72)	<0.001	<0.001
Rural	1.23 (1.14, 1.33)	<0.001	1.15 (1.06, 1.25)	<0.001	0.002	1.53 (1.39, 1.68)	<0.001	1.39 (1.26, 1.54)	<0.001	<0.001

p Values refer to Wald’s test. pa: p value for interaction between stratified variables and delivery mode. Analyses were adjusted for birth weight, gestational age, maternal age at childbirth, maternal education level, paternal education level, region, sex, and year of birth. The sex-subgroup analysis was adjusted for all covariates except for sex; the area-subgroup analysis was adjusted for all covariates except for area.