Table 1.
Ethnobotanical data related to diabetes, treatment, complications, symptoms, obesity, infection, inflammation and α-glucosidase, aldose reductase (AR) inhibitory activities, and antioxidants of Peruvian herbal extracts.
| No. | Voucher | Scientific Name | Common Name | Family | Used Part 1 | References
[13,17,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28] 2 |
Yield (%) 3 | Inhibition (%) 4 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| α-Glucosidase (500 μg/mL) 5 | AR (10 μg/mL) 6 |
Antioxidants | |||||||||
| DPPH (143 μg/mL) 7 |
ABTS (33 μg/mL) 8 |
||||||||||
| 1 | A5 | Annona muricata L. | Hoja de huanabana, Graviola | ANNONACEAE | L | Hypertension [ 24], Inflammation [20,24] | 19.5 | 26.3 ± 1.7 c | 0.8 ± 0.8 a | 64.2 ± 0.9 e,f,g,h,i | 31.5 ± 2.9 f,g |
| 2 | A32 | Acanthoxanthium spinosu (L.) Fourr. | Juan Alonso | ASTERACEAE | A | Diabetes [ 25], Inflammation [20] | 8.4 | 3.2 ± 2.7 a | 22.4 ± 1.2 e,f | 11.0 ± 3.5 a,b | 2.1 ± 1.8 a |
| 3 | A16 | Ambrosia arborescens Mill. | Marco | ASTERACEAE | L | Inflammation [ 25] | 12.7 | 18.5 ± 1.9 c | 31.8 ± 6.1 f,g | 3.5 ± 0.7 a,b | 6.1 ± 1.8 a,b |
| 4 | P78 | Baccharis genistelloides (Lam.) Pers. | Karqueja | ASTERACEAE | A | Diabetes [ 20,21], Inflammation [20], Burn fat [20], Cholesterol [20,21] | 19.7 | 6.2 ± 3.4 a,b | NA | 47.0 ± 9.2 c,d | 27.9 ± 1.1 e,f,g |
| 5 | P77 | Chuquiraga spinosa Less. | Huamanpinta | ASTERACEAE | A | Inflammation [ 25], Kidneys [25] | 28.7 | NA 9 | 12.2 ± 0.7 c,d | 70.3 ± 11.0 g,h,i,j | 50.3 ± 3.1 h |
| 6 | A31 | Flaveria Bidentis (L.) Kuntze | Mata gusano | ASTERACEAE | L | Inflammation [ 26] | 7.9 | 17.3 ± 8.4 b,c | 86.4 ± 1.9 k | 5.3 ± 10.8 a,b | 8.0 ± 2.1 a,b |
| 7 | P14 | Schkuhria pinnata (Lam.) Kuntze ex Thell. | Canchalagua | ASTERACEAE | A | Diabetes [ 20,21], Inflammation [20,21] | 2.4 | 0.1 ± 2.7 a | NA | 67.1 ± 3.3 f,g,h,i | 71.4 ± 8.4 j |
| 8 | A6 | Smallanthus sonchifolius (Poepp.) H. Rob. | Hojas de yacon | ASTERACEAE | L | Diabetes [ 20,21,22,23], Inflammation [20], Kidneys [20], Cholesterol [20] | 5.3 | 5.5 ± 1.4 a,b | 31.9 ± 9.1 g | NA | 5.5 ± 3.0 a,b |
| 9 | P49 | Taraxacum officinale F.H. Wigg. | Diente de leon | ASTERACEAE | A, F | Inflammation [ 20] | 4.8 | NA | NA | 41.9 ± 10.8 c | 15.7 ± 1.6 b,c,d |
| 10 | A17 | Tessaria integrifolia Ruiz & Pav. | Pajaro bobo | ASTERACEAE | L | Kidneys [ 20], Liver [20], Inflammation [20] | 18.4 | 41.6 ± 1.1 d | 79.9 ± 0.1 k | 52.2 ± 3.9 c,d,e | 31.1 ± 3.3 f,g |
| 11 | P79 | Cordia lutea Lam. | Flor de overo | BORAGINACEAE | F | Inflammation [ 20,21], Liver [20,21] | 12.3 | NA | 3.6 ± 1.3 a,b | 60.2 ± 2.1 d,e,f,g,h | 36.6 ± 1.7 g |
| 12 | P36 | Tiquilia Paronychioides (Phil.) Rich. | Flor de arena | BORAGINACEAE | A | Inflammation [ 20] | 18.5 | 2.9 ± 1.1 a | 26.0 ± 0.1 f,g | 95.7 ± 0.8 m,n | 97.1 ± 0.4 m |
| 13 | A24 | Sambucus peruviana H. B. K. | Sauco | CAPRIFOLIAEAE | L | Kidneys [ 20,23], Inflammation [20] | 8.1 | 47.4 ± 4.8 d | 47.2 ± 0.9 h | 53.3 ± 1.5 c,d,e,f | 33.8 ± 6.1 g |
| 14 | A10 | Hypericum laricifolium Juss. | Hierba de la fortuna | CLUSIACEAAE | L | Inflammation [ 13,28], Infections, Musculoskeletal, Bone pain [19] | 15.9 | 97.2 ± 2.0 h | 56.9 ± 5.6 i | 81.9 ± 2.5 j,k,l,m | 58.8 ± 4.6 h,i |
| 15 | P55 | Equisetum giganteum L. | Cola de caballo | EQUISETACEAE | A | Kidneys [ 20,21], Inflammation [20,21] | 11.2 | 77.8 ± 5.9 g | 0.7 ± 0.0 a | 73.9 ± 8.9 h,i,j,k | 51.8 ± 0.3 h |
| 16 | P5 | Phyllanthus niruri L. | Chanca piedra | EUPHORBIACEAE | L | Diabetes [ 24], Kidneys [20], Liver [20], Inflammation [20] | 12.9 | 39.9 ± 1.4 d | 25.3 ± 3.7 f,g | 97.0 ± 0.1 n | 99.6 ± 0.1 m |
| 17 | P80 | Desmodium molliculum (Kunth) A.P. De Candolle | Manayupa | FABACEAE | L | Kidneys [ 20,21], Inflammation [20,21] | 23.8 | 97.9 ± 9.1 h | 10.9 ± 0.5 b,c,d | 89.9 ± 4.2 l,m,n | 73.6 ± 1.3 j,k |
| 18 | A3 | Otholobium mexicanum (L. f.) J.W. Grimes | Culen negro | FABACEAE | A | Diabetes [ 21] | 6.1 | NA | 50.4 ± 0.5 h,i | 4.5 ± 5.7 a,b | 9.6 ± 1.9 a,b,c |
| 19 | A4 | Otholobium pubescens (Poir.) J.W. Grimes | Culen blanco | FABACEAE | A | Diabetes [ 21] | 19.6 | NA | 8.8 ± 0.5 a,b,c,d | 6.1 ± 0.5 a,b,c,d | 27.4 ± 1.5 e,f,g |
| 20 | A49 | Vicia Faba | Haba | FABACEAE | Fr | Renal disorders [ 22] | 7.6 | 0.1 ± 2.7 a | NA | 4.2 ± 2.0 a,b | 13.0 ± 3.0 b,c,d |
| 21 | P7 | Gentianella tristicha (Gilg) J.S. Pringle | Hercampure | GENTIANACEAE | A | Diabetes [ 17], Cholesterol [26] | 30.3 | NA | 68.1 ± 4.2 j | 53.1 ± 0.6 cdef | 66.5 ± 4.5 i,j |
| 22 | A35 | Geranium dielsianum R. Knuth | Pasuchaca | GERANIACEAE | L | Diabetes [ 17,24] | 6.3 | 97.7 ± 1.1 h | 15.6 ± 0.2 d,e | 96.8 ± 0.3 n | 83.9 ± 4.1 k,l |
| 23 | P11 | Clinopodium brevicalyx (Epling) Harley & A. Granda | Inka muña | LAMIACEAE | L | Inflammation [ 26] | 26.8 | 1.8 ± 5.5 a | 31.9 ± 0.7 g | 95.8 ± 0.2 m,n | 94.1 ± 2.7 l,m |
| 24 | P4 | Salvia hispanica L. | Chia | LAMIACEAE | S | Diabetes [ 27], Obesity [27] | 3.5 | NA | NA | 17.3 ± 3.0 b | 21.7 ± 1.8 d,e,f |
| 25 | P40 | Peumus boldus Molina | Boldo | MONIMIACEAE | L | Inflammation [ 20], Kidneys [20], Liver [20] | 32.5 | 75.2 ± 3.0 g | 7.6 ± 0.9 a,b,c,d | 86.2 ± 3.9 k,l,m,n | 95.7 ± 0.5 m |
| 26 | P39 | Eucalyptus globolus Labill. | Eucalipto | MYRTACEAE | L | Burn fat [ 20] | 18.0 | 62.3 ± 0.9 e,f | 11.2 ± 0.8 b,c,d | 77.5 ± 0 i,j,k,l | 99.5 ± 0.3 m |
| 27 | A2 | Argyrochosma nivea (Poir.) Windham | Cuti - Cuti hembra blanca | PTERIDACEAE | A | Diabetes [ 17] | 2.3 | 50.5 ± 3.2 d,e | 59.1 ± 0.3 i,j | 71.2 ± 0.7 g,h,i,j | 34.7 ± 7.3 g |
| 28 | P17 | Cheilanthes pilosa Goldm. | Cuti Cuti | PTERIDACEAE | A | Diabetes [ 26], Liver [26] | 14.3 | 72.4 ± 0.6 f,g | 9.6 ± 0.9 b,c,d | 58.9 ± 4.8 d,e,f,g | 56.4 ± 4.3 h,i |
| 29 | A1 | Cheilanthes pruinata Kaulf. | Cuti - Cuti marron macho | PTERIDACEAE | A | Diabetes [ 17] | 30.3 | 73.4 ± 2.9 f,g | 41.6 ± 1.1 h | 53.2 ± 0.3 c,d,e,f | 31.1 ± 4.1 f,g |
| 30 | A19 | Buddleja Americana L. | Flor blanca | SCROPHULARIA CEAE |
F | Inflammation [ 26] | 8.5 | 16.1 ± 5.6 b,c | 3.7 ± 0.1 a,b,c | 2.4 ± 1.0 a | 19.6 ± 1.2 c,d,e |
1 L, leaf; A, arial part; F, flowers; Fr, fruits; S, seed. 2 Information on medicinal uses and previous publications, [13,17,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28]. 3 Yield (%) was calculated as weight of air-dried crushed plant material with respect to the starting material. 4 Inhibition (%) was provided as the mean ± standard deviation. a–n Different letters in the same column indicate significant differences, p < 0.05. 5 α-Glucosidase inhibitory activities. Positive control, acarbose (54.2 ± 3.6% Inhibition). 6 AR inhibitory activities. Positive control, quercetin (88.1 ± 1.6% Inhibition). 7 Antioxidant activity of DPPH radical scavenging. Positive control, l-ascorbic acid (98.9 ± 0.6% Inhibition). 8 Antioxidant activity of ABTS radical scavenging. Positive control, trolox (97.2 ± 2.0% Inhibition). 9 NA is not active. AR: Aldose reductase; DPPH: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl; ABTS: 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid).