| DMEM | Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium |
| GAPDH | Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase |
| MMP9 | Matrix metallopeptidase 9 |
| PBS | Phosphate-buffered saline |
| qRT-PCR | Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction |
| TGF-β1 | Transforming growth factor β1 |
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