Table 5.
Content of phenolic compounds (mg/g DW ± SD) in D. palmatum herb under different temperatures of cultivation. 1
| Compound (No of Compounds) | Temperature (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 20 | 1 | |
| Simple phenols | ||
| O-Malonyl-arbutin (1) | 0.39 ± 0.01 a | 1.24 ± 0.02 a |
| Arbutin (2) | 0.17 ± 0.00 | 0.22 ± 0.00 |
| Subtotal | 0.56 | 1.46 |
| Phenylpropanoids | ||
| 5-O-Caffeoylquinic acid (3) | 0.09 ± 0.00 | 0.05 ± 0.00 |
| 3-O-Caffeoylquinic acid (4) | 0.11 ± 0.00 | 0.09 ± 0.00 |
| Caffeic acid (5) | 0.61 ± 0.02 | 0.84 ± 0.02 |
| Rosmarinic acid (19) | 1.26 ± 0.03 | 1.68 ± 0.04 |
| Subtotal | 2.07 | 2.66 |
| Flavone glycosides. Apigenin derivatives | ||
| Apigenin-7-O-rutinoside (isorhoifolin, 15) | 1.11 ± 0.03 | 0.56 ± 0.02 |
| Apigenin-7-O-glucoside (cosmosiin, 17) | 0.53 ± 0.01 | 6.54 ± 0.17 |
| Apigenin-O-hexoside (18) | 0.47 ± 0.01 b | 8.34 ± 0.18 b |
| Subtotal | 2.11 | 15.44 |
| Flavone glycosides. Acacetin derivatives | ||
| Acacetin-7-O-rutinoside (linarin, 22) | 0.04 ± 0.00 | 0.06 ± 0.00 |
| Acacetin-7-O-glucoside (tilianin, 23) | 0.52 ± 0.01 | 1.27 ± 0.04 |
| Acacetin-O-acetyl-hexoside (25) | ND | 0.08 ± 0.00 c |
| Subtotal | 0.56 | 1.41 |
| Flavone glycosides. Luteolin derivatives | ||
| Luteolin-7,4′-di-O-rutinoside (dracopalmaside, 7) | 0.14 ± 0.00 | 0.52 ± 0.01 |
| Luteolin-7-O-rutinoside-4′-O-glucoside (cynarotriside, 8) | 0.82 ± 0.02 | 1.75 ± 0.04 |
| Luteolin-7-O-rutinoside (scolymoside, 11) | 2.27 ± 0.07 | 2.54 ± 0.07 |
| Luteolin-7-O-glucoside (cynaroside, 13) | 2.56 ± 0.07 | 29.56 ± 0.78 |
| Luteolin-4′-O-glucoside (14) | 0.67 ± 0.02 | 9.57 ± 0.19 |
| Luteolin-O-acetyl-hexoside (20) | ND | 0.92 ± 0.02 d |
| Subtotal | 6.46 | 44.86 |
| Flavanone glycosides. Eriodictyol derivatives | ||
| Eriodictyol-O-malonyl-hexoside (sum of 6 and 9) | ND | 1.84 ± 0.04 e |
| Eriodictyol-7-O-rutinoside (eriocitrin, 10) | 0.21 ± 0.00 | 1.35 ± 0.03 |
| Eriodictyol-7-O-glucoside (12) | 1.77 ± 0.03 | 15.82 ± 0.33 |
| Subtotal | 1.98 | 19.01 |
| Flavanone glycosides. Naringenin derivatives | ||
| Naringenin-7-O-glucoside (pruning, 16) | 1.02 ± 0.02 | 1.64 ± 0.03 |
| Subtotal | 1.02 | 1.64 |
| Flavone aglycones | ||
| Luteolin (24) | 1.19 ± 0.03 | 12.94 ± 0.30 |
| Apigenin (27) | 0.46 ± 0.01 | 1.03 ± 0.03 |
| Chrysoeriol (28) | 0.09 ± 0.00 | 0.14 ± 0.00 |
| Acacetin (29) | ND | 0.18 ± 0.00 |
| Salvigenin (31) | ND | 0.09 ± 0.00 |
| Isothymusin (30) | ND | 0.12 ± 0.00 |
| Genkwanin (32) | ND | 0.10 ± 0.00 |
| Subtotal | 1.74 | 14.60 |
| Flavanone aglycones | ||
| Eriodictyol (21) | 0.24 ± 0.00 | 0.69 ± 0.02 |
| Naringenin (26) | ND | 0.54 ± 0.01 |
| Subtotal | 0.24 | 1.23 |
| Total flavone glycosides | 9.13 | 61.71 |
| Total flavanone glycosides | 3.00 | 20.65 |
| Total flavonoids glycosides | 12.13 | 82.36 |
| Total flavonoids aglycones | 1.98 | 15.83 |
| Total flavonoids | 14.11 | 98.19 |
| Total phenolic compounds | 16.74 | 102.31 |
1 Averages ± standard deviation were obtained from three different experiments. a Expressed as arbutin equivalents; b expressed as apigenin-7-O-glucoside equivalents; c expressed as acacetin-7-O-glycoside equivalents; d expressed as luteolin-7-O-glucoside equivalents; e expressed as eryodictyol-7-O-glucoside equivalents; ND—not detected.