CFC	Cardiofaciocutaneous
ERK	Extracellular signal-regulated kinase
iPSC	Induced pluripotent stem cell
BRAF	Rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma kinase B
qRT-PCR	Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction
MSC	Mesenchymal stem cell
WT	Wild-type
Ob	Osteoblast
HA	Hydroxyapatite
ALP	Alkaline phosphatase
PPi	Pyrophosphate
ENPP1	Ectonucleotide pyrophasphatase/phosphodiesterase 1
ANKH	Ankylosis human
OPN	Osteopontin
BSP	Bone sialoprotein
BMP	Bone morphogenetic protein
TGF-β	Transforming growth factor-β
RUNX2	Runt-related transcription factor 2
OCN	Osteocalcin
EB	Embryoid body
ActA	Activin A
SB	SB-431542
LDN	LDN-193189
PDGF	Platelet-derived growth factor-BB
U	U0126
B4	Bone morphogenic protein 4
si-OPN	Osteopontin small interfering RNA
si-SCR	Scrambled small interfering RNA
FACS	fluorescence-activated cell sorting
α-MEM	α-minimum essential medium
FBS	Fetal bovine serum
SEM	Standard error of the mean