Figure 1.

Under normal physiological conditions, redox homeostasis is maintained by a balance between the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant components, mainly GSH/GSSG couple that acts as reducing equivalents leading to normal cellular signaling (A); when cells encounter mild stress, an imbalance in the redox shift marked by diminished GSH/GSSG ensues. Whilst, an appropriate management and/or interventions can normalize this shift and can rescue the cellular system against potential toxicity (B). However, during intense stress challenge, a toxic level of ROS can accumulate shifting the redox balance that cannot be reversed, leading to macromolecule damage (B). Red arrow indicates decrease in the levels and purple arrow indicates the flow of events.