Figure 1.

TUNI-induced (tunicamycin) endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) in intestinal porcine epithelial cell line J2 (IPEC-J2). (A) Cell viability assay performed using Cell Counting Kit 8 (CCK-8) after cells had been treated with 1.0 μg mL⁻¹ TUNI for 0 to 32 h; (B) western blot analysis of ERS mark proteins after ERS induction; two representative protein bands from the three independent experiments are shown; (C,D) relative abundance of GRP78 and GADD153; (E) fluorescence staining of GRP78 in cells treated with dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) or TUNI (1 μg mL⁻¹) for 24 h. Data given as means ± standard deviations (SDs) for three independent experiments (* means under T test, p < 0.05, ** means under T test, p < 0.01).