Figure 3.

Involvement of galectins during carcinogenesis. Gal-1 interacts with Neuropilin-1/Vascular endothelial growth factor-2 (NPR-1/VEGFR-2) complex to promote endothelial cells migration through the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway. Also, gal-1 interacts with H-Ras to stimulate cell proliferation by the stimulation of the Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway. Gal-3 promotes cell proliferation and cell migration by the activation of β-catenin through the Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway, but also through Ras homolog family member A (RhoA) signaling. Glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β); Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC).