Table 2.
Involvement of microRNAs (miRNAs) in glioma growth and invasion: putative mode of action of a few miRNAs, with some of their suggested targets. In the last column, when available, references in which the presence in EVs of these miRNAs has been discussed.
| miRNA | Proposed Mode of Action | Some Proposed Targets [References] | Presence in EVs [References] |
|---|---|---|---|
| miR-1 | tumor suppressor | Annexin A2 [211] | [10,212] |
| miR-7 | tumor suppressor | EGFR, FAK, IRS1/2 [213,214] | - |
| miR-9 | oncogenic | Stathmin [81] | Found in EVs from breast cancer cell lines [215] |
| miR-10b | oncogenic | UPAR, RhoC [216] | [10] |
| miR-16 | tumor suppressor | BCL2, WIP1-ATM-p53 pathway [217,218] | [219] |
| miR-21 | oncogenic | TIMP3, RECK4, PDCD4, β-catenin [220,221,222] | [13,212,223] |
| miR-26a | oncogenic | PTEN, Rb, MEKK2 [224] | [212] |
| miR-26b | tumor suppressor | BCL2 [225] | [212] |
| miR-29 | tumor suppressor | DNMT3A and 3B. [226] | - |
| miR-29a | oncogenic | PTEN [223] | [223] |
| miR-30e | oncogenic | NFkB, VEGF-C, MMPs [223] | [223] |
| miR-34a | tumor suppressor | PKCε, PD-L1 [227,228] | - |
| miR-93 | oncogenic | Integrin β8 [229,230] | [212] |
| miR-98 | tumor suppressor | IKK-ε [231] | - |
| miR-124 | tumor suppressor | AURKA, Smad4 [232,233] | [224] |
| miR-128 | tumor suppressor | EGFR, PDGFRA, EphB2, p70S6K PRC1, PRC2 (reduces levels of phospho-Akt and derepresses p21 expression) [224,234] | [10,13,224] |
| miR-130b | oncogenic | CYLD [235] | Found in EVs from prostate cancers [236] |
| miR-141 | tumor suppressor | SKA2 [237] | - |
| miR-142 | tumor suppressor | Rac1 [238] | - |
| miR-146b | tumor suppressor | MMPs [239,240] | [10,241] |
| miR-152-3p | tumor suppressor | DNMT1 [242] | - |
| miR-181 | tumor suppressor | Bcl-2, KPNA4 [243,244] | - |
| miR-200c | tumor suppressor | EGFR, AKT [245] | - |
| miR-210 | oncogenic | Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1-like; increased levels of HIF3A and of VEGF [13] | [13] |
| miR-218 | tumor suppressor | IKK-β, Bmi1, RTK-HIF pathway [246,247,248] | - |
| miR-221/222 | oncogenic | TIMP2, SEMA3B [249,250,251] | [13,223] |
| miR-296 | oncogenic | HGS, STAT5A [252,253] | - |
| miR-320 | oncogenic | [241] | |
| miR-326 | tumor suppressor | SMO, Notch2, NOB1 [254,255] | - |
| miR-370 | tumor suppressor | beta-catenin, CCNE2 [256,257] | - |
| miR-451 | tumor suppressor | Akt1, CyclinD1, MMP-2, MMP-9 and Bcl-2, LKB1 [258,259,260] | [13,261] |
| miR-592 | tumor suppressor | IGFBP2 [262] | - |
| miR-5096 | oncogenic | Kir4.1 [160] | [223] |