Figure 4. CD163+ gut macrophages are non-inflammatory and non-responsive to viral stimulation in SIV infection.

(A) Representative flow cytometric analysis for CD163+ macrophages producing TNF-α, IL-6, and IFN-α in Env976 stimulated mesenteric LN single-cell suspensions. (B, C) SPICE analysis of the proportion of mesenteric LN (B) and intestinal (C) CD163+ macrophages producing different permutations of TNF-α, IL-6, and IFN-α prior to infection and at weeks 2, 12, and 20 post-infection either spontaneously or after stimulation by Env976, influenza, or iSIV. Statistical comparisons were done using a permutation test performed with SPICE software. # signifies cross-sectional differences between progressors and controllers and * signifies longitudinal differences within the same groups. Red asterisks reflect SIV progressors and blue asterisks reflect SIV controllers. */# p < 0.05; **/## p < 0.01; ***/### p < 0.001.