Table 2.
The most common mycotoxins, their toxicity and limitation levels in food and feedstuffs.
| Mycotoxin | Fungal Source | Group of Toxicity [25] | Contaminated Food | US-FDA MLs [26] (µg/kg) | EU-EFSA MLs [24] (µg/kg) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1, G2) |
Aspergillus flavus Aspergillus parasiticus |
1 | Wheat, maize, rice, peanut, pistachio, almond, hazelnut, ground nuts, tree nuts, figs, cottonseed | 20 | 4–10 for total 2–5 for B1 0.1 for B1 in baby food |
| Aflatoxin M1 | Metabolite of aflatoxin B1 | 2B | Milk and dairy products | 0.5 | 0.05 0.025 baby milk |
| Fumonisin B1, B2, B3 |
Fusarium verticillionides Fusarium proliferatum |
2B | Maize, asparagus, corn-based food, white and yellow popcorn, sweet corn | 2000–4000 | 800–1000 200 baby food |
| Ochratoxin A |
Aspergillus ochraceus Penicillium verrucosum Aspergillus carbonarius |
2B | Cereals, coffee, cocoa, wine, beer, dried fruits, grapes, pig kidney | Not set | 3–10 0.5 baby food |
| Patulin | Penicillium expansum | 3 | Maize, asparagus, apple, pears, grapes, vegetables, cereals and cheese. | 50 | 25–50 10 baby food |
| Zearalenone |
Fusarium graminearum Fusarium culmorum |
2A | Wheat, corn, barley, oats, sorghum and sesame seeds, hay and corn silage. | Not set | 50–100 20 baby food |
| Deoxynivalenol |
Fusarium graminearum Fusarium culmorum |
3 | Corn, wheat, oats, barley, rice, grains, beer, animal’s kidney and liver, milk, eggs | 1000 | 750–1250 200 baby food |
| Nivalenol |
Fusarium graminearum Fusarium culmorum |
3 | Oats, barley, maize, wheat, bread and fine bakery wares, pasta, cereals | Not set | 1.2 |
| T-2 toxin | Fusarium sporotrichioides | 3 | Maize, wheat, corn gluten feed, corn gluten meal, barley, bran. | Not set | 0.012–0.043 |