Table 3.
Aflatoxin M1 quantification by chromatographic methods.
| No. | Quantification Method/Detector | Detection Limit/Sample (ppt) | Observations | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Thin Layer Chromatography with Fluorescence Detector (TLC-FD) | 100 (non-fat powdered milk) 5 (milk) 100 (beef liver) 12.5 (milk and milk products) 1–15 (cheese) |
Clean up: Silica-gel/Reversed C18 column SPE |
[76,77,78,79,80] |
| 2 | High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detector (HPLC-FD) | 5–35 (raw milk) 0.01–5 (cheese) 600 (white and blue cheese) |
Reversed C18 gravity column C18/IAC clean-up |
[81,82,83,84,85] |
| 3 | High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) | 50 (milk) 0.59 (whole milk) 0.66 (low fat milk) |
SPE-IAC clean-up | [5,58] |
| 4 | Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detector (LC-FD) | 0.3 (dairy products) 0.8 (human breast milk) |
Immunoaffinity column (IAC) | [86] |
| 5 | Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) | 4 (bovine milk) 0.83 (powder milk) |
Solid phase extraction (SPE) | [87,88] |
| 6 | Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography Electrospray Ionisation Tandem Mass Spectrometry (UHPL-ESI/MS) | 1 (powder milk) 2 (liquid milk) |
SPE | [89] |
| 7 | Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/High Performance Liquid Chromatography-fluorescence Detector (ELISA/HPLC-FD) | 0–13.58 (ELISA in human breast milk) 13.58 (HPLC) >50 (ELISA) 2 (HPLC in milk) 4–31/50 (buffalo and cow milk) |
IAC | [52,64,90] |
| 8 | Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (ELISA/HPLC-LC-MS) | 1.3–6.22 (ELISA) 62.9 (LC-MS in raw and UHT milk) |
IAC | [91] |
| 9 | Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) | 70.6–770.97 (cheese) | AFM1-HRP | [92,93] |
| 10 | Electro chemiluminescent-immunoassay | 0.3 (milk) | antibody-labeled cadmium telluride quantum dots (CdTe QDs) | |
| 11 | Time-resolved fluoro-immunoassay (TRFIA) | 0.188 (milk) | AFM1-BSA conjugate, anti-AFM1 Ab, and Eu-labeled goat anti-rabbit Ab | [94] |
| 12 | Sequential injection immunoassay test (SIIA) | 200 (milk) | [95] | |
| 13 | Electrochemical sensing with bilayer lipid membranes (ECS-BLMs) | 761 (skimmed milk) | Electrochemical detection | [96] |
| 14 | ELISA-SPE (screen-printed electrodes) | 25 (milk) | Electrochemical detection | [97] |
| 15 | Flow-injection immunoassay | 11 (raw milk) | Amperometric detection | [98] |
| 16 | Direct chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay | 1 (milk) | Sensitivity improved by using 3-(10′-phenothiazinyl)-propane-1-sulfonate and 4-morpholinopyridine | [99] |
| 17 | Immunochip | 240 (added in drinking water) | indirect competitive immunoassay | [100] |