Table 1.
Previously published cases of clinically confirmed poppers maculopathy
| Author/year | Type of series | Country | Cases (n) | Level of use | Visual impairment (Snellen acuity) | Findings and other features of note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vignal-clermont et al/20107 | Case series | France | 4 | Varied | Range 6/12– 6/15 | Nil |
| Audo et al/20118 | Retrospective observational case series | France | 6 (all HIV) |
Chronic (3–20 years) | Range 6/7.5–6/15 | 4/6 showed anatomical and functional improvement with cessation |
| Schulze-Döbold et al/20129 | Cross-sectional observational study | France | 10 | Chronic (mean 20 years) | 6/9 or better | 10/18 long-term poppers users found to have changes |
| Davies et al/201210 | Case series | UK | 7 | Chronic 2 Short term 5 |
Range 6/6– 6/12 | Dose–response suggested long-term users = more severe maculopathy |
| Krilis et al/201311 | Case report | Australia | 1 | Three-month history, fortnightly use | 6/12 OD, 6/9 OS | OCT normal, vision resolved within 24 hours |
| Rabot et al/201312 | Case report | France | 1 | Nil | ||
| Bruninx and Lepiece/201313 | Case report | Belgium | 1 | Single use | 6/9 OU | Spontaneous resolution 6/6 after 4 weeks |
| Savary et al/201314 | Case series | France | 2 | Chronic 1 Single use 1 |
1. OU 6/6 2. OU 6/15 |
ERG—mildly diminished central response |
| Asensio-Sanchez et al/201415 | Case report | Spain | 1 | Nil | ||
| Gruener et al/201416 | Case report | UK | 1 | Not stated | 6/12 OD, 6/18 OS | No improvement on cessation at 6 months |
| Clemens et al/201517 | Case series | Germany | 2 | Sporadic 1 Chronic (1 year) 1 |
1. 6/9, 6/15 2. 6/12, 6/15 |
Both pathological full field ERG |
| Pahlitzsch et al/201318 | Retrospective observational case series | Germany | 7 (5 HIV) |
1 Single use 1 Chronic (2–25 years) 6 |
Median 6/9 | 1=normal multifocal ERG Median 6/6 at final visit |
| Bral et al/201619 | Retrospective observational case series | Belgium | 10 (7 HIV) |
Not stated | Not described | 60% used sildenafil |
| Luis et al/201620 | Case report | UK | 1 | Single use | 6/15 OD, 6/12 OS | Partial resolution at 3 months, 6/9.5 |
| Garcia-Bella et al/201621 | Case report | Spain | 1 | Habitual | 6/9 OU | Nil |
ERG, electroretinogram; OCT, optical coherence tomography; OD, right eye; OS, left eye; OU, both eyes.