Table 1.
Participant Characteristics of Decline vs. No Decline in Ambulation Function
| Variable | Overall N (%) Mean±SD |
Decline N (%) Mean±SD |
No Decline N (%) Mean±SD |
P–value* |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||
| Sex | .545 | |||
|
| ||||
| Female | 486 (55.61) | 243 (56.64) | 243 (54.61) | |
| Male | 388 (44.39) | 186 (43.36) | 202 (45.39) | |
|
| ||||
| Race | .255 | |||
|
| ||||
| White | 737 (88.16) | 365 (89.46) | 372 (86.92) | |
| Black/African-American | 99 (11.84) | 43 (10.54) | 56 (13.08) | |
|
| ||||
| Ethnicity | .008 | |||
|
| ||||
| Non-Hispanic/Latino | 523 (59.84) | 236 (55.01) | 287 (64.49) | |
| Hispanic/Latino | 13 (1.49) | 5 (1.17) | 8 (1.80) | |
| Unknown | 338 (38.67) | 188 (43.82) | 150 (33.71) | |
|
| ||||
| Education | .274 | |||
|
| ||||
| Up to high school only | 550 (68.24) | 263 (66.41) | 287 (70.00) | |
| College and Beyond | 256 (31.76) | 133 (33.59) | 123 (30.00) | |
|
| ||||
| Age | <.001 | |||
|
| ||||
| 65–74 years old | 375 (39.10) | 183 (42.66) | 172 (38.65) | |
|
| ||||
| 75–84 years old | 340 (35.45) | 160 (37.30) | 127 (28.54) | |
|
| ||||
| 85 years and older | 244 (25.44) | 86 (20.05) | 146 (32.81) | |
|
| ||||
| Living Arrangement | .500 | |||
|
| ||||
| House/Mobile home | 712 (84.56) | 357 (85.41) | 355 (83.73) | |
| Other community dwelling (e.g., apartment) | 130 (15.44) | 61 (14.59) | 69 (16.27) | |
|
| ||||
| Lives With | .323 | |||
|
| ||||
| Alone | 273 (32.54) | 128 (30.92) | 145 (34.12) | |
| Not alone | 566 (67.46) | 286 (69.08) | 280 (65.88) | |
|
| ||||
| Marital Status | .294 | |||
|
| ||||
| Married or life partner | 408 (46.90) | 235 (54.91) | 227 (51.36) | |
| Not married | 462 (53.10) | 193 (45.09) | 215 (48.64) | |
|
| ||||
| Hospital Stay Past 6 Months | .287 | |||
|
| ||||
| None | 484 (59.98) | 226 (57.22) | 258 (62.62) | |
| Once | 199 (24.66) | 105 (26.58) | 94 (11.65) | |
| Two or More | 124 (15.37) | 64 (16.20) | 60 (14.56) | |
|
| ||||
| Emergency Room Visit Past 6 Months | .215 | |||
|
| ||||
| None | 465 (57.98) | 219 (27.31) | 246 (59.85) | |
| Once | 204 (25.44) | 98 (25.06) | 106 (25.79) | |
| Two or More | 124 (15.37) | 74 (18.93) | 59 (14.36) | |
|
| ||||
| Surgery or Procedure | .010 | |||
|
| ||||
| No | 373 (42.73) | 164 (38.32) | 209 (46.97) | |
| Yes | 500 (57.27) | 264 (61.68) | 236 (53.03) | |
|
| ||||
| Hospital | .731 | |||
|
| ||||
| 1 | 238 (24.82) | 104 (24.24) | 108 (24.27) | |
|
| ||||
| 2 | 243 (25.34) | 110 (25.64) | 117 (26.29) | |
|
| ||||
| 3 | 231 (24.09) | 98 (22.84) | 112 (25.17) | |
|
| ||||
| 4 | 247 (25.76) | 117 (27.27) | 108 (24.27) | |
|
| ||||
| Length of Hospital Stay Median (IQR=Q1-Q3) | 5 (4) | 6 (4) | 5 (3) | .005 |
|
| ||||
| Age-adjusted Charlson Comorbidity Index | 5.58 ± 2.36 | 5.53 ± 2.37 | 5.61 ± 2.35 | .607 |
|
| ||||
| Number of Medications | 8.51 ± 5.43 | 8.63 ± 5.51 | 8.51 ± 5.42 | .738 |
|
| ||||
| Admit Type | <.001 | |||
|
| ||||
| Emergency | 730 (83.52) | 337 (78.55) | 393 (88.31) | |
| Not emergency | 144 (16.48) | 92 (21.45) | 52 (11.69) | |
|
| ||||
| Self-Rated Health | .974 | |||
|
| ||||
| Poor to fair | 171 (20.28) | 82 (20.00) | 89 (20.55) | |
| Average | 269 (31.91) | 137 (31.64) | 132 (32.20) | |
| Good to excellence | 403 (47.81) | 207 (47.81) | 196 (47.80) | |
|
| ||||
| Orientation | .020 | |||
|
| ||||
| Oriented x4** | 765 (91.40) | 386 (93.69) | 379 (89.18) | |
| Not oriented x4 | 72 (8.60) | 26 (6.31) | 46 (10.82) | |
|
| ||||
| Consciousness Level | .323 | |||
|
| ||||
| Alert | 761 (89.85) | 379 (90.89) | 382 (88.84) | |
| Confused or not alert | 86 (10.15) | 38 (9.11) | 48 (11.16) | |
|
| ||||
| Fall Risk Score | .715 | |||
|
| ||||
| Not at fall risk | 165 (18.94) | 83 (19.44) | 82 (18.47) | |
| At fall risk | 706 (81.06) | 344 (80.56) | 362 (81.53) | |
|
| ||||
| Braden Scale Score | .473 | |||
|
| ||||
| Not at risk | 595 (68.08) | 297 (69.23) | 298 (66.97) | |
| At risk | 279 (31.92) | 108 (25.17) | 127 (28.54) | |
|
| ||||
| Weight Loss | .657 | |||
|
| ||||
| No | 822 (96.14) | 406 (96.44) | 416 (95.85) | |
| Yes | 33 (3.86) | 15 (3.56) | 18 (4.15) | |
|
| ||||
| Eating Poorly | .879 | |||
|
| ||||
| No | 797 (93.22) | 393 (93.35) | 404 (93.09) | |
| Yes | 58 (6.78) | 28 (6.65) | 30 (6.91) | |
|
| ||||
| Depression Symptoms | .473 | |||
|
| ||||
| No | 713 (91.29) | 345 (90.55) | 368 (92.00) | |
| Yes | 68 (8.71) | 36 (9.45) | 32 (8.00) | |
|
| ||||
| Vision Impairment | .669 | |||
|
| ||||
| No | 387 (48.93) | 179 (48.12) | 208 (49.64) | |
| Yes | 404 (51.07) | 193 (51.88) | 211 (50.36) | |
|
| ||||
| Hearing Impairment | .018 | |||
|
| ||||
| No | 636 (78.23) | 288 (74.61) | 348 (81.50) | |
| Yes | 177 (21.11) | 98 (25.39) | 79 (18.50) | |
Note.
*
p-values from chi-square test for categorical variables or two-sample t-test for continuous variables.
**
Orientedx4 indicates orientation to person, place, time, and situation.