Table 1. Characteristics of included studies.
| Characteristicsa | n (%) | References |
|---|---|---|
| Europe | 24 (45) | |
| Spain | 7 (13) | [29, 34, 35, 48, 68, 69, 71] |
| Italy | 6 (11) | [33, 37, 39, 41, 74, 76] |
| Germany | 3 (6) | [51, 56, 72] |
| UK | 3 (6) | [59, 62, 73] |
| Sweden | 2 (4) | [38, 55] |
| Switzerland | 1 (2) | [49] |
| Finland | 1 (2) | [77] |
| Czech Rep. | 1 (2) | [54] |
| North America | 20 (38) | |
| USA | 17 (32) | [28, 30–32, 36, 40, 42, 50, 58, 60, 61, 63, 64, 66, 75, 78, 80] |
| Canada | 3 (6) | [57, 65, 67] |
| South America | 6 (11) | |
| Brazil | 3 (6) | [44, 45, 70] |
| Argentina | 1 (2) | [43] |
| Colombia | 1 (2) | [46] |
| Venezuela | 1 (2) | [47] |
| Asia | 3 (6) | |
| Japan | 2 (4) | [52, 53] |
| Taiwan | 1 (2) | [79] |
| Perspective | ||
| Health care system | 22 (42) | [33–35, 37, 39, 41, 48–54, 57, 59, 62, 65, 70, 73, 74, 76, 79] |
| Third party payer | 14 (26) | [28, 32, 40, 42–47, 61, 64, 66, 72, 75, 80] |
| Societal | 7 (13) | [29, 38, 55, 56, 71, 73, 78] |
| Not clearly mentioned | 11 (21) | [30, 31, 36, 40, 58, 60, 63, 67–69, 77] |
| Study type | ||
| CEA | 37 (70) | [28, 29, 31, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40–50, 52, 53, 56, 58, 60, 61, 63, 64, 66–72, 75, 76, 79, 80] |
| CUA | 21 (40) | [30, 33, 35, 37, 39, 43–47, 51, 54, 55, 57, 59, 62, 65, 73, 74, 77, 78] |
| Included cost | ||
| Medication | 53 (100) | [28–80] |
| Monitoringb | 39 (74) | [28, 30, 33, 35, 37–47, 49, 51, 53–57, 59, 61–66, 70–78, 80] |
| Hospitalization | 13 (25) | [30, 35, 37, 39, 51, 54, 55, 59, 62, 70, 71, 73, 74] |
| Adverse eventsc | 15 (28) | [39, 43–47, 49, 51, 54, 59, 61, 70, 77, 78, 80] |
| Indirect costd | 8 (15) | [30, 38, 53, 55, 56, 71, 73, 78] |
| Comparators | ||
| Adalimumab | 40 (75) | [28–30, 32–36, 39–41, 43–50, 52, 53, 55–58, 62–64, 67–77, 79] |
| Alefacept | 11 (21) | [28, 30, 49, 50, 61, 63, 64, 66, 67, 75, 80] |
| Apremilast | 5 (9) | [31–33, 35, 62] |
| Efalizumab | 10 (19) | [30, 34, 49, 50, 61, 63, 64, 66, 67, 73] |
| Etanercept | 48 (91) | [28–30, 32–37, 39–51, 55–80] |
| Infliximab | 36 (66) | [28–30, 32, 34, 36, 39–50, 52, 53, 56–58, 63, 64, 66–70, 72–77] |
| Ixekizumab | 1 (2) | [32] |
| Secukinumab | 6 (11) | [32, 38, 39, 53, 54, 57] |
| Ustekinumab | 31 (58) | [28, 29, 32, 33, 35, 36, 38–40, 44, 46–48, 52–54, 56–58, 60, 65, 67–70, 72, 75–79] |
a When more than one category applied to a study, it was grouped into each appropriate category.
b Monitoring cost included laboratory tests, instrumental procedures such as X-rays, and physician visits.
c Adverse events included, e.g., infections and allergic reactions.
d Indirect cost comprised productivity loss due to absenteeism, presenteeism, and/or unemployment.
n: number of studies; %: percentage of all studies; CEA: cost-effectiveness analysis; CUA: cost-utility analysis; Rep.: Republic; UK: United Kingdom.