Table 1.
| Characteristic | Women (n= 1,941) | Men (n= 2,221) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||
| Demographic factors | |||
| Age (years) | 65 (8.9) | 61 (10.1) | <0.001 |
| Race/Ethnicity | 0.51 | ||
| White, Caucasian | 40 | 39 | |
| Chinese American | 13.8 | 14.1 | |
| Black, African-American | 24.3 | 23.3 | |
| Hispanic | 21.8 | 22.8 | |
| Education | <0.001 | ||
| < high school | 19.8 | 15.4 | |
| high school | 21.4 | 14.6 | |
| < college | 28.4 | 25.9 | |
| ≥ college | 30.3 | 44.1 | |
| Lifestyle Factors | |||
| Physical activity (METS*min/wk) | 3660 (1815, 6540) | 4500 (2205, 8460) | <0.001 |
| Smoking status | <0.001 | ||
| Never | 60 | 42.9 | |
| Former | 30.3 | 43.2 | |
| Current | 9.7 | 13.9 | |
| Cardiovascular Risk factors | |||
| Height (cm) | 159.5 (7.0) | 173.5 (7.7) | <0.001 |
| Weight (lb) | 156.5 (33.6) | 182.1 (32.2) | <0.001 |
| Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | 27.9 (5.4) | 27.4 (4.1) | <0.01 |
| Hypertension | 48.3 | 40.25 | <0.001 |
| Systolic Blood Pressure (mm Hg) | 128.0 (23.4) | 125.1 (19.2) | <0.001 |
| Diastolic Blood pressure (mm Hg) | 68.9 (10.3) | 74.8 (9.3) | <0.001 |
| Anti-hypertensive medication | 40.5 | 33.6 | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dl)c | 202.1 (35.9) | 186 (165, 209) | <0.001 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dl)c | 57.4 (15.7) | 43 (37, 51) | <0.001 |
| Cholesterol lowering meds | 19.7 | 15.4 | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus status | <0.01 | ||
| Normal | 76.9 | 72.5 | |
| Impaired fasting glucose | 11.9 | 15.3 | |
| Diabetes | 11.3 | 12.2 | |
| eGFR | 75.7 (15.6) | 78.6 (15.6) | p <0.001 |
| Current HT (n=651) | 33.5 | <0.001 | |
| Sex Hormones | |||
| Total T (nmol/L) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.3) | 14.4 (11.6, 17.9) | <0.001 |
| Free T (%) | 1.3 (0.9, 1.7) | 2.0 (1.7, 2.4) | <0.001 |
| Estradiol (nmol/L) | 0.07 (0.04, 0.17) | 0.1 (0.1, 0.1) | <0.001 |
| DHEA (nmol/L) | 10.2 (7.0, 14.4) | 12.7 (9.2, 17.2) | <0.001 |
| SHBG (nmol/L) | 60.6 (41.2, 98.2) | 40.4 (31, 52.4) | <0.001 |
| LV measures | |||
| LV EF (%) | 64.0 (5.2) | 61.9 (5.3) | <0.001 |
| LV EDV (ml) (indexed to BSA) | 66.0 (10.4) | 72.0 (13.3) | <0.001 |
| LV mass (g) (indexed to BSA) | 59.8 (9.2) | 69.8 (11.2) | <0.001 |
| LV ESV (ml) (indexed to BSA) | 23.7 (5.0) | 27.4 (6.4) | <0.001 |
a
Data are mean (SD), for normally distributed variables, median (25th, 75th percentiles) for skewed variables, or (%) for categorical variables. P values were obtained using t-test or the chi-square test.
b
Abbreviations: MESA, Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis; HDL, high density lipoprotein; eGFR, estimated glomerular fibrillation rate; HT, hormone therapy; T, testosterone; DHEA, dehydroepiandrosterone; SHBG, sex hormone binding globulin; LV, left ventricular; EDV, end diastolic volume; EF, ejection fraction; ESV, end systolic volume, BSA; body surface area
c
To convert Total and HDL cholesterol from mg/dl to mmol/L, divide by 38.67