Table 1.

Eligibility criteria, surveillance protocol, and definition of progression in four active surveillance studies.

Institution, start year, sample size*	Eligibility criteria	Follow-up schedule	Definition of progression according to protocol
Johns Hopkins University, 1995, N = 1,298	Younger men: T1c stage; < 0.15 μg/L/cc PSA density; ≤ 6 Gleason score; ≤ 2 positive cores; ≤ 50% core involvement Older men: ≤ T2a stage; < 10 μg/L PSA; ≤ 6 Gleason score	~ 6 months: PSA, DRE ~ 12 months: biopsy	Any adverse change on prostate biopsy
Canary Prostate Active Surveillance Study, 2008, N = 1,067	≤ T2 stage; 10-core biopsy ≤ 1 year or ≥ 2 biopsies ≥ 1 year	~ 3 months: PSA; ~ 6 months: DRE; 6–12, 24, 48, and 72 months: biopsy	Increase in biopsy Gleason score or in volume from < 34% to ≥ 34% of cores positive
University of Toronto, 1995, N = 1,104	Before 1999: For age <70 years: ≤ 6 Gleason score; ≤ 10 μg/L PSA; For age ≥70 years: ≤ 15 μg/L PSA or ≤ 3+4 Gleason score After 1999: Additionally, ≤ 20 μg/L PSA and ≤ 3+4 Gleason score in men with clinically significant comorbidities or < 10 year life expectancy	First year: ~ 3 months: PSA; ~ 12 months: biopsy Second year: ~ 3 months: PSA Third year and beyond: ~ 6 months: PSA ~ 36–48 months: biopsy	Histologic upgrading or clinical progression between biopsies; until 2009 also < 3 years PSA doubling time
University of California San Francisco, 1990, N = 1,319	Has evolved over time Currently: ≤ T2 Stage; ≤ 10 μg/L PSA; ≤ 6 Gleason score; ≤ 33% positive cores; ≤ 50% core involvement; Exceptions can be made	~ 3 months: PSA; ~ 6 months: Transrectal ultrasound ~ 12–24 months: biopsy depending on risk	Increase to ≥ 3+4 Gleason score, > 33% positive cores, or > 50% involvement

^*Sample size used in this study before exclusions, which may be different from previous published papers.

^~means “every”.