Figure 6. Scheme of action of PTC-028.
PTC-028 induces hyper-phosphorylation and subsequent depletion of BMI-1 that induces reduction of ATP and induction of mitochondrial ROS along with inhibition in expression of RIPK1 and XIAP. Low XIAP and increased ROS then activate caspase 9 that is followed by caspase-3/7. RIPK1 can be targeted by caspases leading to downregulation of NFkB that reciprocally regulates XIAP. Together these signaling ultimately lead to apoptosis. Dashed arrows represent published reports as elaborated in the discussion section.