Ax treatment enhanced PTX-induced cell death. A. Viability of A549 cells co-treated 0.001-0.1 μg/mL PTX with 20-100 μM Ax for 24, 48 and 72 h, respectively. B. The cell uptake of 0.01 μg/mL PTX alone and 0.01 μg/mL PTX in combination with 20 or 100 μM Ax for 0.5, 1 and 4 h. C. A549 cells were treated with 50 μM Ax, 0.005 μg/mL PTX and co-treated 0.005 μg/mL PTX with 50 μM Ax for 24 h. Endogenous LC3-II levels were measured by western blotting with anti-LC3 antibodies and quantitative analysis by densitometric analysis relative to β-actin. Mean ± SD, n = 3. ***P < 0.001. D. A549 cells were seeded into the confocal plate and treated with 50 μM Ax, 0.005 μg/mL PTX and co-treated 0.005 μg/mL PTX with 50 μM Ax for 24 h. Then, cells were co-stained with Hoechst 33342 and Cyto-ID green dye. Scale bar: 20 μm.