Table 1.
Patient characteristics in postoperative pancreatic fistula and no postoperative pancreatic fistula groups
| Characteristic data | No POPF (n = 91) | POPF (n = 88) | P-value | 95%CI |
| Age, mean (SD) | 60.7 (10.6) | 59.1 (11.2) | 0.33 | 58.22-61.44 |
| BMI, median (IQR) | 21.4 (20, 23.9) | 23.1 (20.8, 25.5) | 0.005 | 22.05-23.22 |
| Albumin, median (IQR) | 34.1 (31, 38.3) | 34.9 (32, 37.95) | 0.667 | 33.38-35.10 |
| Total bilirubin, median (IQR) | 4.1 (1.3, 13.2) | 1.3 (0.7, 5.6) | 0.002 | 5.01-7.16 |
| Pancreatic duct diameter (mm), median (IQR) | 3 (3, 5) | 3 (2, 5) | 0.048 | 3.44-3.99 |
| Operative time, median (IQR) | 420 (360, 540) | 480 (420, 570) | 0.014 | 448.46-486.23 |
| Blood loss (mL), median (IQR) | 1000 (600, 1500) | 800 (500, 1500) | 0.236 | 1082-1459.66 |
| LOH day, median (IQR) | 15 (12, 20) | 25 (17, 39.5) | < 0.001 | 23.14-32.87 |
| Gender, n (%) | ||||
| Male | 49 (53.8) | 46 (52.3) | 0.833 | |
| Female | 42 (46.2) | 42 (47.7) | ||
| DM, n (%) | ||||
| No | 64 (70.3) | 69 (78.4) | 0.216 | |
| Yes | 27 (29.7) | 19 (21.6) | ||
| Hx of cardiovascular disease, n (%) | ||||
| No | 82 (90.1) | 64 (72.7) | 0.003 | |
| Yes | 9 (9.9) | 24 (27.3) | ||
| PBD, n (%) | ||||
| No | 36 (39.6) | 25 (28.4) | 0.116 | |
| Yes | 55 (60.4) | 63 (71.6) | ||
| Pancreatic texture, n (%)1 | ||||
| Hard/firm | 60 (68.2) | 27 (31.4) | < 0.001 | |
| Soft | 28 (31.8) | 59 (68.6) | ||
| Type of resection, n (%) | ||||
| PPPD | 20 (22.0) | 31 (35.2) | 0.05 | |
| Classical PD | 71 (78.0) | 57 (64.8) | ||
| Duct to mucosa vs Invagination | ||||
| Duct to mucosa | 56 (61.5) | 63 (71.6) | 0.154 | |
| Invagination | 35 (38.5) | 25 (28.4) | ||
| Stent, n (%) | ||||
| No | 73 (80.2) | 54 (61.4) | 0.005 | |
| Yes | 18 (19.8) | 34 (38.6) | ||
| External vs Internal, n (%) | ||||
| External | 4 (22.2) | 12 (36.4) | 0.298 | |
| Internal | 14 (77.8) | 21 (63.6) | ||
| Malignant, n (%) | ||||
| No | 18 (19.8) | 16 (18.2) | 0.785 | |
| Yes | 73 (80.2) | 72 (81.8) | ||
| Final diagnosis, n (%) | ||||
| CA ampulla | 25 (27.5) | 37 (42.1) | 0.04 | |
| CA pancreas | 28 (27.5) | 12 (13.6) | ||
| CA duodenal | 8 (8.8) | 3 (3.4) | ||
| CA distal CBD | 7 (7.7) | 11 (12.5) | ||
| Other | 26 (28.5) | 25 (28.4) | ||
| Grading, n (%) | ||||
| No | 91 (100) | 0 | 0 | |
| A | 0 | 58 (65.9) | ||
| B | 0 | 22 (25.0) | ||
| C | 0 | 8 (9.1) | ||
| Other complications | ||||
| No | 86 (94.5) | 66 (75.0) | < 0.001 | |
| Yes | 5 (5.5) | 22 (25.0) | ||
| 30-d mortality, n (%) | ||||
| No | 91 (100) | 85 (96.6) | 0.117 | |
| Yes | 0 | 3 (3.4) | ||
| Age, n (%) | ||||
| < 70 | 73 (80.2) | 73 (82.9) | 0.637 | |
| ≥ 70 | 18 (19.8) | 15 (17.1) | ||
| BMI, n (%) | ||||
| < 25 | 78 (85.7) | 63 (71.6) | 0.021 | |
| ≥ 25 | 13 (14.3) | 25 (28.4) | ||
| Albumin, n (%) | ||||
| ≥ 30 | 75 (82.4) | 77 (87.5) | 0.342 | |
| < 30 | 16 (17.6) | 11 (12.5) | ||
| Total bilirubin, n (%) | ||||
| < 3 | 41 (45.1) | 56 (63.6) | 0.013 | |
| ≥ 3 | 50 (54.9) | 32 (36.4) | ||
| Pancreatic duct diameter, n (%) | ||||
| ≥ 5 | 45 (49.4) | 23 (26.1) | 0.001 | |
| < 5 | 46 (50.6) | 65 (73.9) | ||
| Operative time, n (%) | ||||
| < 420 | 39 (42.9) | 21 (23.9) | 0.007 | |
| ≥ 420 | 52 (57.1) | 67 (76.1) | ||
| Blood loss, n (%) | ||||
| < 1000 | 45 (49.5) | 54 (61.4) | 0.109 | |
| ≥ 1000 | 46 (50.5) | 34 (38.6) |
1
n = 174 patients. Other complications: DGE, postoperative hemorrhage, chyle leakage. POPF: Postoperative pancreatic fistul; PBD: Preoperative biliary drainage; PPPD: Pylorus-preserved pancreaticoduodenectomy; PD: Pancreaticoduodenectomy; BMI: Body mass index.