Table 1.
Burden of fungal diseases.
| Fungal Disease | Annual Incidence | Global Burden | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|
| Superficial | |||
| Skin, hair, nail | ~1,000,000,000 | ||
| Fungal keratitis | ~1,000,000 | ||
| Mucosal | |||
| Oral candidiasis | ~2,000,000 | HIV only, 90% of those not on ARVs | |
| Oesophageal candidiasis | ~1,300,000 | HIV only, 20% on those with CD4 counts <200 and 5% of those on ARVs | |
| Vulvovaginal candidiasis episode | 70% affected in their lifetime | ||
| Recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis | ~134,000,000 | Annual prevalence. Nearly 500 million lifetime experience | |
| Allergic | |||
| Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in asthma | ~4,800,000 | Adults only, rare in children | |
| Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in cystic fibrosis | ~6675 | Adults only, starts from age 4 | |
| Severe asthma with fungal sensitisation | ~6,500,000 | Adults only, probably uncommon in children | |
| Fungal rhinosinusitis | ~12,000,000 | ||
| Chronic severe | |||
| Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis | ~3,000,000 | ||
| Mycetoma | ~9000 | 1950–2013 case reports, NTD | |
| Chromoblastomycosis | >10,000 | Limited data and uncommon, NTD | |
| Coccidioidomycosis | ~25,000 | ||
| Paracoccidioidmycosis | ~4000 | ||
| Blastomycosis | ~3000 | ||
| Histoplasma infection | ~500,000 | ~25,000 | Most of the new infections are asymptomatic based on skin testing |
| Sporotrichosis | >40,000 | Very limited global data. Very common in hyper endemic regions of Peru, Brazil and Mexico | |
| Acute invasive | |||
| Invasive candidiasis | ~750,000 | Includes 60,000–100,000 cases of intra-abdominal candidiasis | |
| Invasive aspergillosis | >300,000 | From about 10 million at risk annually | |
| Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in AIDS and non-AIDS | ~500,000 | ||
| Cryptococcosis in AIDS | ~223,000 | HIV-related, up to another 10% non-HIV | |
| Mucormycosis | >10,000 | Based on French data = 4200. | |
| Based on Indian data = 910,000 | |||
| Disseminated histoplasmosis | ~100,000 | No reliable estimates | |
| Talaromycosis * | ~8000 | SE Asia only; |
* Talaromyces (formerly Penicillium) marneffei infection Data from Brown et al. [1], Vos et al. [10], Armstead et al. [11], Rajasingham et al. [8], Fungal Infection Trust [12], Global Action Fund for Fungal Infection (GAFFI) Roadmap [9], and van de Sande [13]. NTD = WHO-accepted Neglected Tropical Disease.