Figure 1.

The causes and treatment of hyperkalemia across the continuum of kidney function and with kidney replacement therapies. The treatments listed for AKI are indicated for other settings within the continuum when there is severe hyperkalemia or evidence of cardiac toxicity. *K⁺ binders include sodium polystyrene sulfonate, patiromer, and sodium zirconium cyclosilicate (the latter of which is not yet approved for clinical use). Patiromer and sodium zirconium cyclosilicate have been shown effective in maintaining normokalemia, despite ongoing use of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAAS) blockers. There are no published data on the use of these drugs in patients with kidney transplants. D/C, discontinue; DCT, distal convoluted tubule; HD, hemodialysis.