Table 1.
Demographic, cardiovascular, and diabetes characteristics of the male and female samples
| Characteristics | Mean (SD) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||
| Males | Total sample n = 522 | H1 (≤168 cm) n = 119* | H2 (168–171 cm) n = 123* | H3 (172–176 cm) n = 149* | H4 (≥177 cm) n = 131* | |
| Demographics | ||||||
| Age | 72.0 (4.7) | 72.7 (4.8) | 72.6 (5.0) | 71.6 (4.5) | 71.1 (4.4) | F(3,518) = 3.81, p = 0.010 |
| Years of education | 13.3 (3.6) | 12.7 (3.7) | 13.0 (3.4) | 13.5 (3.6) | 14.0 (3.5) | F(3,518) = 3.08 p = 0.027 |
| MMSE | 28.2 (1.7) | 27.9 (1.7) | 28.2 (1.6) | 28.2 (1.7) | 28.4 (1.7) | F(3,517) = 4.78, p = 0.156 |
| Area of birth (% within quartiles) | ||||||
| Israel | 41.9 | 35.6 | 37.7 | 41.5 | 51.9 | Pearson Chi Square (9, n = 516) = 16.58, p = 0.056 |
| Europe | 32.4 | 32.2 | 39.6 | 29.3 | 29.5 | |
| Middle East/Africa/Asia | 23.3 | 29.7 | 22.1 | 26.5 | 14.7 | |
| Other | 2.5 | 2.5 | 0.8 | 2.7 | 3.9 | |
| Cardiovascular | ||||||
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 98.4 (19.2) | 96.5 (18.4) | 100.49 (19.75) | 98.89 (18.38) | 97.42 (20.22) | F(3,513) = 1.00, p = 0.394 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 151.8 (66.1) | 159.2 (92.9) | 148.78 (52.40) | 149.11 (55.21) | 150.98 (59.66) | F(3,513) = 0.66, p = 0.576 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 44.0 (8.7) | 44.11 (8.07) | 44.87 (8.59) | 43.81 (9.38) | 43.31 (8.60) | F(3,513) = 0.71, p = 0.550 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 172.1 (22.2) | 171.87 (23.14) | 175.15 (21.08) | 171.62 (21.06) | 169.92 (22.75) | F(3,513) = 1.21, p = 0.304 |
| Creatinine | 1.1 (0.25) | 1.1 (0.17) | 1.1 (0.25) | 1.1 (0.21) | 1.1 (0.34) | F(3,513) = 1.28, p = 0.280 |
| Hypertension (% with hypertension) | 85.1 | 85.6 | 82.2 | 84.5 | 90 | Pearson Chi Square (3, n = 517) = 4.86, p = 0.183 |
| Diabetes | ||||||
| Duration of T2D in years | 10.4 (1.4) | 10.5 (1.3) | 10.4 (1.5) | 10.3 (1.6) | 10.6 (0.93) | F(3,513) = 0.82, p = 0.485 |
| HbA1c | 6.8 (0.85) | 6.6 (0.82) | 6.8 (0.89) | 6.8 (0.83) | 6.9 (0.74) | F(3,513) = 1.82, p = 0.140 |
| Diabetes medication (% of sample) | N = 15.3 | N = 16.8 | N = 13.8 | N = 12.1 | N = 19.1 | Pearson Chi Square (9, n = 522) = 10.65, p = 0.300 |
| H = 75.7 | H = 75.6 | H = 76.4 | H = 78.5 | H = 71.0 | ||
| I = 0.8 | I = 0.8 | I = 0.0 | I = 0.0 | I = 2.3 | ||
| IH = 8.2 | IH = 5.9 | IH = 9.8 | IH = 9.4 | IH = 7.6 | ||
| Females | Mean (SD) | |||||
|
| ||||||
| Total sample n = 347 | H1 (≤155 cm) n = 76* | H2 (155–158 cm) n = 95* | H3 (159–163 cm) n = 88* | H4 (≥164 cm) n = 88* | ||
| Demographics | ||||||
| Age | 72.0 (4.8) | 72.9 (5.1) | 71.5 (4.5) | 71.8 (4.5) | 72.1 (5.2) | F(3,343) = 1.33, p = 0.265 |
| Years of education | 12.8 (4.8) | 12.4 (3.3) | 12.6 (2.9) | 12.6 (3.3) | 13.5 (3.7) | F(3,343) = 2.11, p = 0.098 |
| MMSE | 27.8 (2.0) | 27.5 (1.9) | 27.9 (1.7) | 27.8 (1.9) | 27.7 (2.3) | F(3,343) = 0.68, p = 0.566 |
| Area of birth (% within quartiles) | ||||||
| Israel | 39.7 | 28 | 43.2 | 34.5 | 51.8 | Pearson Chi Square (9, n = 340) = 16.12, p = 0.065 |
| Europe | 37.4 | 48 | 31.6 | 41.4 | 30.1 | |
| Middle East/Africa/Asia | 20.3 | 24 | 22.1 | 19.5 | 15.7 | |
| Other | 2.6 | 0 | 3.2 | 4.6 | 2.4 | |
| Cardiovascular | ||||||
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 106.2 (19.4) | 105.2 (19.9) | 106.6 (20.4) | 105.8 (19.3) | 107.2 (18.1) | F(3,341) = 0.17, p = 0.919 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 165.1 (57.19) | 159.3 (60.5) | 175.3 (62.7) | 166.0 (46.1) | 158.2 (57.2) | F(3,341) = 1.70, p = 0.167 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 53.4 (11.3) | 52.5 (10.3) | 52.5 (10.9) | 53.8 (12.1) | 54.7 (11.7) | F(3,341) = 0.77, p = 0.514 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 193.0 (23.2) | 189.7 (22.2) | 195.3 (24.0) | 193.3 (22.9) | 193.4 (23.6) | F(3,641) = 0.83, p = 0.479 |
| Creatinine | 0.85 (0.16) | 0.83 (0.13) | 0.85 (0.22) | 0.84 (0.13) | 0.86 (0.13) | F(3,641) = 0.71, p = 0.545 |
| Hypertension (% with hypertension) | 87.8 | 89.5 | 85.3 | 88.5 | 88.5 | Pearson Chi Square (3, n = 345) = 0.85, p = 0.837 |
| Diabetes | ||||||
| Duration of T2D in years | 10.5 (1.5) | 10.6 (1.5) | 10.5 (1.3) | 10.6 (1.3) | 10.3 (1.8) | F(3,641) = 0.44, p = 0.726 |
| HbA1c | 6.8 (0.67) | 6.9 (0.66) | 6.8 (0.75) | 6.8 (0.66) | 6.8 (0.60) | F(3,640) = 0.29, p = 0.830 |
| Diabetes medication (% of sample) | N = 9.2 | N = 9.2 | N = 10.5 | N = 11.4 | N = 5.7 | Pearson Chi Square (9, n = 347) = 6.56, p = 0.682 |
| H = 80.7 | H = 77.6 | H = 77.9 | H = 81.8 | H = 85.2 | ||
| I = 0.6 | I = 0.0 | I = 1.1 | I = 1.1 | I = 0.0 | ||
| IH = 9.5 | IH = 13.2 | IH = 10.5 | IH = 5.7 | IH = 9.1 | ||
*
There are small variations in sample size for each height quartile within the demographic, cardiovascular, and diabetes variables due to missing values. N, none; H, hypoglycemic only; I, insulin only; IH, insulin and hypoglycemic.