Table 2.
Associations (odds ratio (OR) or incidence rate ratio (IRR)) between oral health outcomes and ethnicity identity, adjusting for increasing number of covariates
| Models | Ethnic groups (reference group: White) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| South Asian | Filipino | Chinese | Black | Arab | Latin America | Indigenous | Mix ethnic | |
| Outcome 1: Children with dental caries - OR (95% CI) | ||||||||
| Model 1 | 1.55 (1.32, 1.82) | 3.52 (2.82, 4.39) | 2.37 (1.92, 2.93) | 1.50 (1.17, 1.92) | 3.80 (2.82, 5.14) | 1.16 (0.90, 1.51) | 4.52 (2.96, 6.90) | 1.33 (1.14, 1.56) |
| Model 2 | 1.50 (1.28, 1.76) | 3.40 (2.70, 4.28) | 2.51 (2.02, 3.12) | 1.26 (0.95, 1.67) | 3.38 (2.51, 4.55) | 1.12 (0.87, 1.45) | 3.96 (2.50, 6.28) | 1.32 (1.12, 1.56) |
| Model 3 | 1.51 (1.27, 1.79) | 3.18 (2.48, 4.08) | 2.61 (2.07, 3.28) | 1.15 (0.83, 1.59) | 3.71 (2.67, 5.17) | 1.11 (0.84, 1.46) | 3.43 (2.11, 5.59) | 1.33 (1.12, 1.58) |
| Outcome 2: Caries experience (count of deft/DMFT) - IRR (95% CI) | ||||||||
| Model 1 | 1.21 (1.13, 1.30) | 1.83 (1.71, 1.95) | 1.34 (1.24, 1.44) | 1.24 (1.12, 1.37) | 1.50 (1.35, 1.66) | 1.05 (0.91, 1.21) | 1.83 (1.64, 2.05) | 1.25 (1.17, 1.35) |
| Model 2 | 1.21 (1.13, 1.30) | 1.80 (1.69, 1.93) | 1.38 (1.28, 1.49) | 1.15 (1.03, 1.27) | 1.41 (1.27, 1.56) | 1.00 (0.87, 1.16) | 1.61 (1.43, 1.82) | 1.24 (1.15, 1.33) |
| Model 3 | 1.23 (1.14, 1.32) | 1.80 (1.66, 1.94) | 1.40 (1.30, 1.51) | 1.13 (1.01, 1.28) | 1.36 (1.22, 1.52) | 0.99 (0.85, 1.15) | 1.58 (1.39, 1.79) | 1.23 (1.14, 1.32) |
| Outcome 3: ≥ 2 teeth with untreated caries – OR (95%CI) | ||||||||
| Model 1 | 3.04 (2.53, 3.65) | 6.14 (4.95, 7.62) | 2.14 (1.65, 2.76) | 3.00 (2.29, 3.94) | 3.66 (2.57, 5.22) | 1.68 (1.18, 2.39) | 3.96 (2.48, 6.34) | 1.60 (1.25, 2.05) |
| Model 2 | 2.63 (2.17, 3.17) | 5.50 (4.42, 6.86) | 2.34 (1.82, 3.03) | 2.21 (1.64, 2.98) | 2.92 (2.07, 4.13) | 1.33 (0.93, 1.91) | 2.51 (1.45, 4.36) | 1.50 (1.16, 1.93) |
| Model 3 | 1.95 (1.58, 2.40) | 4.77 (3.71, 6.13) | 2.41 (1.84, 3.15) | 1.62 (1.15, 2.28) | 2.17 (1.47, 3.20) | 1.13 (0.78, 1.65) | 2.00 (1.11, 3.61) | 1.49 (1.15, 1.92) |
| Outcome 4: Fair or poor oral health status – OR (95%CI) | ||||||||
| Model 1 | 2.08 (1.70, 2.55) | 2.13 (1.64, 2.77) | 3.24 (2.52, 4.16) | 1.32 (0.93, 1.87) | 2.03 (1.38, 3.00) | 1.50 (1.06, 2.13) | 4.58 (3.11, 6.74) | 1.25 (0.98, 1.60) |
| Model 2 | 1.83 (1.49, 2.25) | 2.00 (1.51, 2.66) | 3.65 (2.80, 4.75) | 0.91 (0.63, 1.33) | 1.44 (0.96, 2.16) | 1.16 (0.82, 1.65) | 3.24 (2.18, 4.82) | 1.19 (0.92, 1.54) |
| Model 3 | 1.52 (1.20, 1.94) | 2.25 (1.64, 3.09) | 3.97 (3.02, 5.20) | 0.86 (0.56, 1.31) | 1.05 (0.65, 1.68) | 1.20 (0.83, 1.72) | 2.43 (1.57, 3.77) | 1.25 (0.96, 1.63) |
| Covariates adjustment: | ||||||||
| Model 1: age, sex and city. | ||||||||
| Model 2: Model 1 covariates + highest level of educational attainment, dwelling ownership, and dental insurance. | ||||||||
| Model 3: Model 2 covariates + frequency of tooth-brushing/day, routine dental visit in past year, sugar sweetened beverage consumption. | ||||||||
NOTE: for the purpose of summarizing results in the text, we use the term “visible minority” to describe all groups except White and Indigenous [10]. We also consider the mixed ethnicity category separately