. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Feb 1.

Published in final edited form as: J Subst Abuse Treat. 2017 Nov 28;85:10–16. doi: 10.1016/j.jsat.2017.11.010

Table 2.

Bivariable and multivariable GEE analysis of factors associated with methadone availability

Characteristic	Model 1. Immediate availability vs. not available				Model 2. Delayed availability vs. not available

	Unadjusted		Adjusted		Unadjusted		Adjusted

	Odds Ratio (95% CI)	p - value	Odds Ratio (95% CI)	p - value	Odds Ratio (95% CI)	p - value	Odds Ratio (95% CI)	p - value
Calendar year
(per year later)	1.18 (1.16 – 1.20)	<0.001	1.21 (1.19 – 1.23)	<0.001	1.28 (1.18 – 1.22)	<0.001	1.21 (1.19 – 1.23)	<0.001
Age
(per 10 years older)	1.45 (1.37 – 1.53)	<0.001	1.16 (1.08 – 1.24)	<0.001	1.16 (1.10 – 1.22)	<0.001
White
(yes vs. no)	1.14 (1.01 – 1.28)	0.029			1.45 (1.28 – 1.64)	<0.001
Sex
(male vs. female)	1.26 (1.12 – 1.42)	<0.001			1.28 (1.13 – 1.45)	<0.001
Homeless^A
(yes vs. no)	0.83 (0.76 – 0.91)	<0.001			0.80 (0.72 – 0.88)	<0.001
DTES residence^A,^B
(yes vs. no)	1.51 (1.37 – 1.66)	<0.001	1.65 (1.50 – 1.82)	<0.001	0.90 (0.82 – 1.00)	0.041
Dealing drugs^A
(yes vs. no)	1.25 (1.14 – 1.37)	<0.001	1.62 (1.47 – 1.78)	<0.001	1.28 (1.15 – 1.42)	<0.001	1.57 (1.41 – 1.75)	<0.001
Sex work involvement
(yes vs. no)^A	0.92 (0.79 – 1.06)	0.255			0.99 (0.85 – 1.16)	0.905
Prescription opioid injection^A
(≥ daily vs. <daily)	1.27 (1.07 – 1.51)	0.005			1.18 (0.96 – 1.47)	0.125
Injection heroin use^A
(≥ daily vs. <daily)	1.01 (0.91 – 1.12)	0.827			0.93 (0.83 – 1.04)	0.214
Injection cocaine use^A
(≥ daily vs. <daily)	1.07 (0.92 – 1.25)	0.362			0.82 (0.69 – 0.98)	0.032
Injection methamphetamine use^A
(≥ daily vs. <daily)	1.17 (0.98 – 1.41)	0.078			1.21 (0.99 – 1.47)	0.063
Non-injection crack use^A
(≥ daily vs. <daily)	0.92 (0.84 – 1.01)	0.075			0.78 (0.70 – 0.87)	<0.001
Non-fatal overdose^A
(yes vs. no)	1.01 (0.88 – 1.17)	0.891			1.13 (0.96 – 1.33)	0.147
Participated in MMT^A
(yes vs. no)	1.51 (1.37 – 1.66)	<0.001			1.57 (1.42 – 1.75)	<0.001
Unable to access addiction treatment^A
(yes vs. no)	1.03 (0.89 – 1.19)	0.695			1.19 (1.00 – 1.41)	0.049
Incarceration^A
(yes vs. no)	0.82 (0.73 – 0.93)	0.001			0.89 (0.77 – 1.02)	0.101
Cohort designation
(ACCESS vs. VIDUS)	0.98 (0.86 – 1.10)	0.710	0.85 (0.75 – 0.96)	0.010	0.98 (0.86 – 1.11)	0.721
(ARYS vs. VIDUS)	0.50 (0.42 – 0.60)	<0.001	1.16 (1.08 – 1.24)	<0.001	0.99 (0.84 – 1.17)	0.931

Refers to the 6-month period before the interview.

DTES – Downtown Eastside; MMT – Methadone Maintenance Therapy; ACCESS – AIDS Care Cohort to Evaluate Exposure to Survival Services; VIDUS – Vancouver Injection Drug Users Study; ARYS – At-Risk Youth Study.