Mechanical
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Promotion of epithelium regeneration (epithelialization)
Enables migration of epithelial cells
Enhancement adhesion of basal epithelial cells
Reinforcement of epithelial cell differentiation
Prevention of apoptosis
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Anti-fibrotic properties
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Anti-inflammatory properties
Expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-1a, IL-2, IL-8, TGF-β, interferon)
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Anti-angiogenic properties
Production of substances such as tissue inhibitors of metalloproteases (TIMP −1, 2, 3, and 4), endostatin and thrombospondin-1
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Anti-microbial properties
Anti-bacterial effects against pathogens
Lack of HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-DR major histocompatibility antigens
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