Table 2.

Categorical risk factors associated with brucellosis seropositivity among small ruminants from Duhok Province (Iraq) using parallel interpretation of the Rose Bengal test (RBT) and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA).

Variables	Category	n	Seropositivity (%)
District	Aqarh	72	54.1
	Amadiya	72	22.2
	Duhok	72	20.8
	Simele	72	36.1
	Shekhan	72	26.4
	Zakho	72	38.9
Species	Sheep	335	31.0
	Goats	97	34.0
Sex	Male	45	28.1
	Female	387	32.0
Sheep vaccinated against Brucella in the preceding 12 months	Yes	211	31.1
	No	124	32.7
Goats vaccinated against Brucella in the preceding 12 months	Yes	53	30.5
	No	44	32.5
Flock grazing pattern	Sheep and goats graze together	252	33.3
	Sheep and goats graze separately	180	30.5
Flock grazing—Mixing of flocks from different farms	Yes	240	31.6
	No	192	31.7
Occurrence of abortion among animals on the farm in the preceding 12 months	Yes	228	35.5
	No	204	27.4
Farmer handling of aborted animals	Burning	6	50.0
	Given to dogs	348	33.9
	Thrown in public garbage	42	21.4
	Thrown into open water canals	36	19.4
Purchase (introduction) of new animals for the farm in the preceding 12 months	Yes	120	33.3
	No	312	31.1
Sources of water on the farm	River	66	33.3
	Well	132	31.8
	Spring	108	43.6
	Tap water	126	29.3
Water delivered to animals through:	Concrete troughs	36	30.5
	Metal troughs	396	31.8
	Wooden troughs	0	0
Cleaning of water troughs	Yes	420	31.0
	No	12	58.3
Sharing of water sources by sheep and goats with others from nearby farms	Yes	198	26.3
	No	234	36.3
Feed delivered to animals through:	Concrete troughs	36	22.2
	Metal troughs	360	32.7
	Wooden troughs	18	33.3
	Foraging	12	41.6
	Tires	6	0
Electricity on farm	Yes	204	29.1
	No	228	33.3
Availability of employed agricultural workers on the farm	Yes	33.3	27.1
	No	66.7	34.1