Factors affecting γ-H2AX expression in operators.A, Variation in γ-H2AX levels in operators’ lymphocytes after in vitro irradiation of their blood samples on 3 separate occasions (bars represent standard error of means, n=6, P<0.0001). B, An operator wearing lower leg shielding (red arrows). C, γ-H2AX and pATM expression in operators’ lymphocytes with (black bars, n=9) and without (red bars, n=16) the use of leg protection during BEVAR/FEVAR procedures (P<0.05). D, Radiation exposure measured by DAP and personal dosimeters worn at leg levels during procedures with (n=9) and without (n=16) leg shielding. γ-H2AX indicates gamma H2AX; BEVAR, branched endovascular aortic repair; DAP, dose area product; FEVAR, fenestrated endovascular aortic repair; pATM, phosphorylated ataxia telangiectasia mutated protein. *P<0.05.