Table 1. A summary of studies, in chronological order, testing for G*E across natural (as opposed to experimentally-manipulated) environmental variation in wild animal populations, where G*E could be changes in either additive genetic variance and/or heritability.
| Study | Species | Environmental variable/predictor | Number of traits studied | Number of traits showing G*E |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gebhardt-Henrich and van Noordwijk (1991) | Great tit (Parus major)a | Mean juvenile size | 2 | 1 |
| Larsson (1993) | Barnacle goose (Branta leucopsis)a | Mean juvenile size | 3 | (3) |
| Larsson et al. (1997) | Common gull (Larus canus)a | Mean juvenile size | 1 | (1) |
| Qvarnstrom (1999) | Collared flycatcher (Ficedula albicollis)a | Mean juvenile size | 1 | 0 |
| Reale et al. (1999) | Bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis)b | Season | 3 | (3) |
| Coltman et al. (2001) | Soay sheep (Ovis aries)b | Season | 2 | 1 |
| Garant et al. (2003) | Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)c | Food abundance | 1 | (1) |
| McAdam and Boutin (2003) | Red squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus)b | Food abundance | 1 | 0 |
| Ernande et al. (2003) | Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas)d | Food abundance | 3 | (3) |
| Garant et al. (2004) | Collared flycatcher (Ficedula albicollis)a | NAO | 4 | 2 |
| Brommer et al. (2005) | Collared flycatcher (Ficedula albicollis)a | Spring temperature | 1 | 0 |
| Garant et al. (2005) | Great tit (Parus major)a | Population density | 1 | 1 |
| Nussey et al. (2005) | Great tit (Parus major)a | Spring temperature | 1 | 1 |
| Wilson et al. (2006) | Soay sheep (Ovis aries)b | Mean juvenile survival | 1 | 1 |
| Pelletier et al. (2007b) | Bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis)b | Time period | 4 | 1 |
| Brommer et al. (2008) | Common gull (Larus canus)a | Spring temperature | 1 | 0 |
| Garant et al. (2008) | Great tit (Parus major)a | Spring temperature | 3 | 0 |
| Robinson et al. (2009) | Soay sheep (Ovis aries)b | Mean juvenile survival | 3 | 2 |
| Husby et al. (2010) | Great tit (Parus major)a | Spring temperature | 2 | 1 |
| McGaugh et al. (2010) | Painted turtle (Chrysemys picta)e | Heating degree days | 2 | 0 |
| DiBattista et al. (2011) | Lemon shark (Negaprion brevirostris)c | Time period | 2 | 0 |
| Husby et al. (2011) | Great tit (Parus major)a | Spring temperature | 1 | 1 |
| Björklund et al. (2013) | Collared flycatcher (Ficedula albicollis)a | Time period | 4 | 4 |
| Bolund et al. (2015) | Human (Homo sapiens)b | Time period | 4 | 0 |
| Delahaie et al. (2017) | Blue tit (Cyanistes caeruleus)a | Population | 7 | 0 |
| Bolund and Lummaa (2017) | Human (Homo sapiens)b | Time period | 4 | 4 |
See Table S1 in File S3 for full information, including the traits, the time period studied, and the direction of any observed changes. Where the environmental predictor is given as “mean juvenile size/survival,” the measure of environmental quality is the mean size or survival rate of that year’s cohort; in years where juveniles are larger or survive better, environmental quality is assumed to be higher. Where numbers in the final column are given in parentheses, it indicates that the authors interpreted a change in genetic variance or heritability, but that no formal statistical test was performed. G*E, genotype-by-environment interactions; NAO, North Atlantic Oscillation.
Bird species.
Mammal species.
Fish species.
Bivalve species.
Reptile species.