Fig. 2.

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers of angiogenesis or endothelial damage in cohort 1. CSF vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) (A), the VEGF/soluble VEGF receptor 1 (sVEGFR-1) ratio (B), intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) (C), and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) (D) were measured in cognitively healthy controls and patients with stable mild cognitive impairment (sMCI), MCI that progressed to Alzheimer's disease (MCI-AD), AD, dementia with Lewy bodies or Parkinson's disease with dementia (DLB/PDD), vascular dementia (VaD), and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Data are presented as mean ±95% confidence interval; p values are from univariate general linear models controlling for age and gender: ^∗p < 0.05, ^∗∗p < 0.01, and ^∗∗∗p < 0.001 compared with controls.