Fig. 3.

The CSF/plasma albumin ratio (Qalb) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers of angiogenesis or endothelial damage in diabetes. The Qalb in patients with and without diabetes in cohort 1 (A) and cohort 2 (B). CSF levels of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) (C), vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) (D), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) (E) in patients with and without diabetes in cohort 1. Data are presented as mean ±95% confidence interval; p values are from univariate general linear models controlling for age, gender, and diagnosis: ^∗p < 0.05, ^∗∗p < 0.01, and ^∗∗∗p < 0.001.