Table 1.
Cohort 1: demographic data, clinical characteristics, and CSF levels of biomarkers
| Sample characteristics | Control (n = 65) | sMCI (n = 61) | MCI-AD (n = 35) | AD (n = 75) | DLB/PDD (n = 34) | VaD (n = 28) | FTD (n = 41) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex F/M | 42/23 | 34/27 | 23/12 | 51/24 | 13/21∗ | 13/15 | 21/20 |
| Age | 75 (6) | 69 (7)∗∗∗ | 75 (8) | 76 (7) | 72 (6) | 75 (8) | 72 (6)∗ |
| MMSE | 28.7 (1.7) | 28.2 (1.2) | 26.4 (1.7)∗∗∗ | 19.5 (3.3) ∗∗∗ | 21.4 (5.1)∗∗∗ | 21.5 (4.5)∗∗∗ | 22.8 (6.1)∗∗∗ |
| APOE 1or 2 ε4 alleles | 34% | 48% | 80%∗∗∗ | 65%∗∗∗ | 55%∗ | 21% | 28%a |
| BMI | 25.9 (3.7) | 25.1 (3.2) | 24.3 (4.2) | 23.7 (3.6) | 25.6 (3.4) | 26.5 (5.8) | 25.4 (4.1) |
| Qalb | 6.3 (2.9) | 6.3 (2.5) | 7.1 (3.3) | 7.6 (3.4)∗∗ | 8.4 (4.6)∗ | 8.7 (3.7)∗∗ | 8.6 (5.5)∗∗ |
| Diabetes, yes/no | 4/61 | 3/58 | 1/34 | 9/66 | 2/32 | 7/21 | 0/32 |
| ICAM-1, ng/mL | 2.0 (0.7) | 1.9 (0.7) | 2.1 (0.7) | 2.2 (0.7) | 2.0 (0.8) | 2.1 (0.7) | 2.0 (1.0) |
| VCAM-1, ng/mL | 5.4 (1.4) | 4.9 (1.5) | 5.4 (1.6) | 5.7 (1.6) | 5.3 (1.4) | 5.5 (1.5) | 4.9 (1.6) |
| VEGF, pg/mL | 58.0 (19.1) | 65.0 (32.0)∗ | 70.9 (21.8)∗∗ | 73.2 (27.7)∗∗ | 67.0 (29.0) | 80.8 (33.5)∗∗ | 74.6 (31.6)∗∗ |
| sVEGFR-1, pg/mL | 149.2 (55.0) | 111.4 (39.7)∗∗∗ | 128.9 (44.7)∗ | 130.3 (41.1)∗∗ | 103.3 (37.4)∗∗∗ | 100.3 (30.3)∗∗∗ | 118.0 (38.7)∗∗ |
| VEGF/sVEGFR-1 | 0.4 (0.2) | 0.6 (0.3)∗∗∗ | 0.6 (0.2)∗∗∗ | 0.6 (0.2)∗∗∗ | 0.7 (0.4)∗∗∗ | 0.9 (0.4)∗∗∗ | 0.7 (0.3)∗∗∗ |
| Aβ42, pg/mL | 675.2 (289.8) | 478.9 (195.0)∗∗∗ | 314.5 (78.9)∗∗∗ | 259.7 (105.0)∗∗∗ | 349.6 (172.7)∗∗∗ | 407.4 (187.0)∗∗∗ | 682.9 (290.5) |
| Aβ40, pg/mL | 5241 (1487) | 3786 (1360)∗∗∗ | 4219 (1327)∗∗∗ | 3899 (1376)∗∗∗ | 3240 (1200)∗∗∗ | 3218 (1345)∗∗∗ | 4530 (1536)∗ |
Data are shown as mean (standard deviation) unless otherwise specified. Demographic factors and clinical characteristics were compared using 1-way analysis of variance and chi-square tests. CSF biomarkers and the Qalb were analyzed with univariate general linear models controlling for age and gender, compared with controls ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, and ∗∗∗p < 0.001.
Key: Aβ, amyloid β; AD, Alzheimer's disease; BMI, body mass index; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; DLB/PDD, dementia with Lewy bodies or Parkinson's disease with dementia; F, female; FTD, frontotemporal dementia; ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule 1; M, male; MCI-AD, MCI that progressed to AD; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; Qalb, CSF/plasma albumin ratio; sMCI, stable mild cognitive impairment; sVEGFR-1, soluble VEGF receptor 1; VaD, vascular dementia; VCAM-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.
APOE data were only available from 18 FTD patients.