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. 2018 Jan 4;9:55. doi: 10.1038/s41467-017-02490-4

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — SCFA mitigate arthritis and protect from inflammatory bone loss. a–j Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model; k–p K/BxN serum-induced arthritis (SIA) model. a Joint swelling and b grip strength scores in mice induced for CIA and not treated (NT) or treated with C2 (acetate), C3 (propionate), or C4 (butyrate) in the drinking water. c µCT analysis of tibial bone mass showing bone volume per total volume (BV/TV). d Immunohistological analysis of TRAP-stained osteoclasts in the tibia of mice showing total osteoclast cell numbers per paw. e Serum CTX-I bone resorption marker level measured by ELISA. f Immunohistological analysis showing the number of osteoblasts per analyzed bone parameter in the tibia (N.Ob./B.pm). g Osteocalcin (OCN) bone formation marker level measured by ELISA. h Joint swelling and i grip strength scores in mice induced for CIA and fed with special high-fiber diet (HFD) or normal control diet (ND). j µCT analysis of tibial bone mass showing BV/TV. k Joint swelling and l grip strength scores in mice induced for SIA and not treated (NT) or treated with C2/C3/C4 in the drinking water. m µCT analysis of tibial bone mass showing BV/TV. n Joint swelling and o grip strength scores in SIA mice fed with special HFD or ND. p µCT analysis of tibial bone mass showing BV/TV. Data are expressed as the mean ± s.d. expect for a, b, h, I, k, l, n, and o where mean ± s.e.m. is shown. Pictures are representative of at least two independent experiments. Statistical difference was determined by one-way ANOVA, two-way ANOVA, or Student's t-test. *p < 0.5; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001