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. 2018 Jan 4;9:70. doi: 10.1038/s41467-017-01859-9

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — OXPHOS activity and mitochondrial structure in Twinkle KOs. a In situ histochemical activity analysis of mitochondrial respiratory chain enzymes in cortex. Brown: Complex IV, contains mtDNA-encoded subunits. Blue: fully nuclear-encoded Complex II. Arrows: respiratory chain deficient cells with astrocyte (TwKO^astro) or neuronal (TwKO^neuro) morphology. Inset in TwKO^neuro: hippocampus, COX-deficient cells pointed with arrows. b Mitochondrial Complex II (SDHA, green) immuno-co-stained with astrocytes (GFAP, red), arrows point the same cells. TwKO^astro astrocytes show punctate mitochondrial accumulations. c Ultrastructure of mitochondria (arrows and purple pseudocolor). Green = nuclei, yellow = neuronal projections. Brain graph shows sampling site. Scale bars: 50 μm (a, b), 5 μm (c)