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. 2018 Jan 4;9:70. doi: 10.1038/s41467-017-01859-9

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — MtDNA loss in astrocytes or neurons challenges neuronal dendrite maintenance and causes neurodegeneration. a Immunofluorescent co-staining (overlay) of neuronal nuclei (NeuN, green), dendrites (microtubular MAP2, red) and nucleus (DAPI, blue) in hippocampus of 7–8 months old mice. b Neuronal fine morphology with Golgi staining in 7–8 months old mice. Arrows point gross morphological changes with dendritic degeneration in both KOs and varicosities in TwKO^astro. c Dying neurons (arrows), Fluorojade-C (FJ-C) staining. Quantification below. d Apoptotic cells (arrows); immunohistochemical staining for cleaved caspase-3 and counterstaining with hematoxylin (parallel sections to FJ-C (c)). Quantification in somatosensory cortex and CA1 region of hippocampus below. Inset: enlarged caspase-3-positive cell. The data are presented as mean and error bars indicate standard deviation. Statistical significance: *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. Scale bars: 20 μm (a, b), 50 μm (c, d)