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Left violin plot displaying the distribution of the mean F 0 outcomes for sustained vowels in 12 studies [27–38] ES n = 136, TES n = 168, H n = 115. Right violin plot displaying the distribution of the mean F 0 outcomes for running speech in four studies [30, 32, 33, 37]. ES n = 34, TES n = 44, H n = 35. ES esophageal speakers, TES tracheoesophageal speakers, ELS electrolarynx speakers, H healthy speakers, F 0 fundamental frequency, Hz hertz
