Table 4.
Effect sizes by intervention type: Effects, confidence intervals and prediction intervals
| Cognitive domain | Study | Measure | n | g | Actual/ observed intervals | p | Q | df (Q) | p | I 2 | τ2 | τ | Prediction intervals | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lower (95%) | Upper (95%) | Lower (95%) | Upper (95%) | ||||||||||||
| Cognitive stimulation | |||||||||||||||
| No study used interventions exclusively in this area | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Restorative training | |||||||||||||||
| Barnes et al. (2009) | Combined | 36 | 0.533 | −0.101 | 1.166 | 0.099 | |||||||||
| Carretti (2013) | Combined | 20 | 0.542 | −0.318 | 1.402 | 0.217 | |||||||||
| Finn and McDonald (2011) | Combined | 16 | 1.033 | 0.039 | 2.027 | 0.042 | |||||||||
| Finn and McDonald (2015) | Combined | 24 | 0.125 | −0.650 | 0.901 | 0.752 | |||||||||
| Gagnon (2012) | Combined | 24 | 0.623 | −0.118 | 1.364 | 0.099 | |||||||||
| Herrera et al. (2012) | Combined | 22 | 3.293 | 1.934 | 4.652 | 0.000 | |||||||||
| Jean et al. (2010a) | Combined | 20 | 0.285 | −0.565 | 1.136 | 0.576 | |||||||||
| Valdes et al. (2012) | SOPT | 195 | −1.565 | −1.887 | −1.243 | 0.000 | |||||||||
| Random - Observed (k = 8) | 0.541 | −0.456 | 1.539 | 0.288 | 111.09 | 7 | 0.000 | 93.699 | 1.886 | 1.373 | −3.0429 | 4.1249 | |||
| HKSJ Point Estimate Adjustment (SMD) | 0.568 | −0.555 | 1.691 | 0.271 | |||||||||||
| Compensatory training | |||||||||||||||
| Greenaway et al. (2012) | Combined | 40 | 0.508 | −0.109 | 1.126 | 0.107 | |||||||||
| Hampstead et al. (2012a) | Memory – Visual | 21 | 1.312 | 0.399 | 2.225 | 0.005 | |||||||||
| Random - Observed (k = 2) | 0.837 | 0.063 | 1.612 | 0.034 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |||
| HKSJ Point Estimate Adjustment (SMD) | – | – | – | – | – | ||||||||||
| Multicomponent interventions | |||||||||||||||
| Balietti et al. (2016) | Combined | 70 | 2.495 | 1.839 | 3.151 | 0.000 | |||||||||
| Barban et al. (2016) | Combined | 106 | 0.097 | −0.285 | 0.478 | 0.619 | |||||||||
| Buschert et al. (2011) | Combined | 22 | 0.154 | −0.719 | 1.027 | 0.730 | |||||||||
| Fiatarone Singh et al. (2014) | Combined | 22 | 0.184 | −0.388 | 0.756 | 0.528 | |||||||||
| Forster et al. (2011) | Combined | 18 | 0.427 | −0.564 | 1.417 | 0.399 | |||||||||
| Giuli et al. (2016) | Combined | 97 | 0.511 | 0.108 | 0.915 | 0.013 | |||||||||
| Jeong et al. (2016) | Combined | 147 | 0.084 | −0.261 | 0.428 | 0.634 | |||||||||
| Lam et al. (2015) | Combined | 276 | 0.074 | −0.162 | 0.310 | 0.539 | |||||||||
| Mowszowski et al. (2014) | Combined | 40 | 0.268 | −0.364 | 0.900 | 0.406 | |||||||||
| Olchik et al. (2013) | Combined | 30 | 0.371 | −0.334 | 1.077 | 0.302 | |||||||||
| Polito et al. (2015) | Combined | 44 | 0.063 | −0.517 | 0.644 | 0.831 | |||||||||
| Rapp (2002) | Combined | 16 | 0.566 | −0.396 | 1.528 | 0.249 | |||||||||
| Rojas et al. (2013) | Combined | 30 | 0.894 | 0.156 | 1.631 | 0.018 | |||||||||
| Schmitter-Edgecombe (2014) | Combined | 46 | 0.275 | −0.296 | 0.846 | 0.346 | |||||||||
| Tsolaki et al. (2011) | Combined | 176 | 0.424 | 0.121 | 0.727 | 0.006 | |||||||||
| Vidovich et al. (2015) | Combined | 155 | 0.146 | −0.169 | 0.461 | 0.363 | |||||||||
| Random - Observed (k = 16) | 0.398 | 0.164 | 0.631 | 0.001 | 55.511 | 15 | 0.000 | 72.978 | 0.146 | −0.382 | −0.4603 | 1.2563 | |||
| HKSJ Point Estimate Adjustment (SMD) | 0.404 | 0.098 | 0.710 | 0.013 | |||||||||||